The Enlightenment and 18th Century Developments

These flashcards cover key concepts, figures, and developments related to the Enlightenment and 18th-century changes.

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual and cultural movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, individualism, and the reevaluation of traditional institutions.

Who were the philosophes?

Leading intellectuals of the Enlightenment, who applied reason to all aspects of life and society.

What is John Locke's theory of tabula rasa?

The theory that individuals are born as a 'blank slate' without innate ideas, gaining knowledge through experience.

How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment?

It demonstrated that the universe governed by natural laws discoverable through reason, inspiring rational analysis in social and political issues.

What was the role of salons during the Enlightenment?

Social gatherings that facilitated the exchange and dissemination of Enlightenment ideas among intellectuals.

What was 'the woman question' in the Enlightenment?

Debate surrounding women's intellectual capabilities, education, and societal roles.

What significant work did Mary Wollstonecraft produce?

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing for women's access to education and equal opportunities.

What impact did travel literature have on the Enlightenment?

It exposed Europeans to diverse cultures, challenging notions of superiority and encouraging relativistic views.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread beyond salons?

Through printed materials, coffeehouses, academies, masonic lodges, and extensive correspondence networks.

What arguments did proponents of an agricultural revolution make?

They cited innovations in crops, techniques, the enclosure movement, and technological advancements leading to increased productivity.

What were some arguments against the agricultural revolution?

Critics claimed changes were gradual, limited to specific regions, and often led to social disruption for small farmers.

Describe the significance of the balance of power in 18th-century Europe.

It aimed to prevent any single state from dominating others, influencing foreign policy and alliances.

How did financial innovations in the 18th century support economic growth?

Through public and national debt, joint-stock companies, central banks, and an increase in paper currency use, facilitating transactions.

What were the main characteristics of Enlightenment thought?

Emphasized reason, liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, and separation of church and state.

How did philosophes view the role of rulers during the Enlightenment?

They believed enlightened absolutism could effectively enact reforms for the welfare of the state and its people.