Cellular Reproduction

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19 Terms

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Cellular Reproduction

<p></p>
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Interphase

Everything but mitosis. Longest part of a cell’s life.

<p>Everything but mitosis. Longest part of a cell’s life. </p>
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Interphase purpose

Cells grow, develop, carry on all normal metabolic functions

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Mitosis

  • form of cell division

  • produces 2, genetically identical daughter cells

  • produces diploid cells(2n) = full set of chromosomes in each cell

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Reasons for cell division

  1. Maintenance & repair of tissues

  2. Organism growth

  3. Asexual reproduction for unicellular organisms

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Chromatin

loosely grouped DNA – how it appears in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing

<p><span>loosely grouped DNA – how it appears in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing</span></p>
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Chromosome

compact, condensed DNA organized in preparation for replication and cell division

<p><span>compact, condensed DNA organized in preparation for replication and cell division</span></p>
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Sister chromatids

after DNA makes a copy of itself, each copy is referred to as a sister chromatid

<p><span>after DNA makes a copy of itself, each copy is referred to as a sister chromatid</span></p>
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Centromere

holds sister chromatids together

<p><span>holds sister chromatids together</span></p>
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Centriole

cytoskeleton structures that assist in forming the spindle fibers during mitosis

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Phases of Mitosis

PMAT

<p>PMAT</p>
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Prophase

  • Chromosomes become visible when they condense into sister chromatids 

  • Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (the poles)

  • Spindle begins to form

  • Nuclear membrane breaks 

   down


<ul><li><p><span>Chromosomes become visible when they condense into sister chromatids&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span>Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (the poles)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Spindle begins to form</span></p></li><li><p><span>Nuclear membrane breaks&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul><p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;down</span></p><p><br></p>
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Metaphase

  • M = Middle!

  • Chromosomes line up in middle of the cell

  • Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

(the center of the chromosome where 2 sister chromatids are being held together)


<ul><li><p><span>M = Middle!</span></p></li><li><p><span>Chromosomes line up in middle of the cell</span></p></li><li><p><span>Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres</span></p></li></ul><p><span>(the center of the chromosome where 2 sister chromatids are being held together)</span></p><p><br></p>
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Anaphase

  • A = Apart or Away!

  • Spindle fibers attached to the centromere pull the sister chromatids apart

  • Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of cell

<ul><li><p><span>A = Apart or Away!</span></p></li><li><p><span>Spindle fibers attached to the centromere pull the sister chromatids apart</span></p></li><li><p><span>Chromosomes move toward opposite ends of cell</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase

  • T = Two!

  • Nuclear membrane forms at each end of the cell around the chromosomes 

     – division of the original     

     nucleus is now complete

  • Chromosomes become less tightly coiled & appear as chromatin again

<ul><li><p><span>T = Two!</span></p></li><li><p><span>Nuclear membrane forms at each end of the cell around the chromosomes&nbsp;</span></p></li></ul><p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– division of the original&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nucleus is now complete</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Chromosomes become less tightly coiled &amp; appear as chromatin again</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cytokinesis

  • Division of cytoplasm

  • forming of cell plate in plant

  • in animals the cleavage furrow

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Animals vs Plants

  • most animals cells can divide

  • Plants: mitosis only happens in special tissues called meristem

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Meiosis

  • produces gametes (sex cells)

  • produces four (genetically unique daughter cells)

  • haploid (n) = half the number of chromosomes in daughter cells

<ul><li><p>produces gametes (sex cells)</p></li><li><p>produces four (genetically unique daughter cells)</p></li><li><p>haploid (n) = half the number of chromosomes in daughter cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crossing over produces variation!

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