biology 20,23,28,29

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61 Terms

1
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What is the structure of a virus composed of?

An outer capsid made of protein subunits and a nucleic acid core made of either DNA or RNA.

2
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What occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophages?

The release of new viruses lyses (ruptures) the host cell.

3
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What characterizes the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages?

Viral DNA inserts into the host cell chromosome, does not actively replicate, and may later trigger re-entry into the lytic cycle.

4
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What is the life cycle of a retrovirus?

Viral RNA enters the cell, is used to make DNA, which inserts into the host chromosome; new viral RNA and capsids are produced by the host cell and released by budding.

5
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Describe conjugation in gene transfer among bacteria.

Two bacteria are temporarily linked, allowing a donor cell to pass DNA to a recipient cell in the form of a plasmid.

6
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What is transformation in bacterial gene transfer?

It occurs when a cell picks up free pieces of DNA from live or dead prokaryotes.

7
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What is transduction in bacteria?

Bacteriophages carry portions of DNA from one bacterial cell to another.

8
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What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs rely on other organisms for food.

9
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List and describe the three main shapes of bacteria.

Spirilli: spiral-shaped; Bacilli: rod-shaped; Cocci: round or spherical.

10
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What is alternation of generations in plants?

Two multicellular individuals alternate, where a diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores that develop into haploid gametophytes, which then produce gametes to form a diploid zygote.

11
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What are sepals in a complete flower?

They protect the bud before it opens and are collectively called the calyx.

12
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What are petals in a complete flower?

Colored leaflets that constitute the corolla.

13
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What is the function of stamens in a flower?

They are the male parts consisting of filaments and anthers where pollen is produced.

14
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What are carpel parts in a flower?

The female parts including the stigma, stalk, and ovary.

15
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What defines a complete flower?

A complete flower has all four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

16
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List the characteristics of all plants.

Multicellular, eukaryotes, usually specialized tissues, photosynthesizers adapted to land, with an alternation-of-generations life cycle, and sessile.

17
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What is the definition of fruit in the context of plants?

A covering for a seed derived from an ovary.

18
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What is an archegonium?

The female gametangia that produces eggs.

19
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What is an antheridium?

The male gametangia that produces sperm.

20
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What plants are bryophytes

Mosses

21
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What plants are seedless vascular plants

Ferns

22
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What plants are gmnosperms

Cone bearing plants

23
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What plants are angiosperms

Flowering plants

24
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List the characteristics of all plants

Multicellular, eukaryotes, usually specialized tissues, photosynthesizers that became adapted to living on land, alternation-of-generation life cycle, sessile

25
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Define Fruit

A covering got a seed derived from an ovary

26
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What is asymmetry in animals?

No particular pattern to body shape.

27
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What type of symmetry is characterized by body organized circularly?

Radial symmetry.

28
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What type of symmetry do humans exhibit?

Bilateral symmetry.

29
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What does the blastopore become in protostomes?

The mouth.

30
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What are two key characteristics of deuterostomes?

Blastopore becomes anus; dorsal nerve cord.

31
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What animals belong to the phylum Porifera?

Sponges.

32
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What are the unique characteristics of cnidarians?

Radial symmetry, tissues, stinging tentacles.

33
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What are the three main parts of mollusca?

Mantle, visceral mass, and foot.

34
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What type of animals are found in the phylum Annelida?

Segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches.

35
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What is a unique characteristic of platyhelminthes?

Flat body and no body cavity.

36
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What is a characteristic feature of nematodes?

Non-segmented body and some are parasites.

37
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What defines the phylum Arthropoda?

Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, segmented body.

38
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What symmetry do adult echinoderms exhibit?

Radial symmetry.

39
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Which vertebrates are considered ectothermic?

Amphibians, reptiles, and fish.

40
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What is the definition of endothermic?

An internal way to control body temperature.

41
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Which vertebrates are endothermic?

Birds and mammals.

42
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What is a monotreme?

A mammal that lays eggs, such as the duck-billed platypus.

43
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What is a unique feature of marsupials?

They have pouches for immature young.

44
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What are the main characteristics of all chordates?

Deuterostomes, postnatal tail, notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches.

45
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Radial Symmetry

Body organized circularly; similar to a wheel

46
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Bilateral Symmetry

Definite Right and left halves

47
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What are the differences between protstomes and deuterostomes

Protostomes: Blastopore becomes mouth; ventral nerve cord; spinal cleavage.

Deuterostomes: Blastopore becomes anus; dorsal nerve cord; radial cleavage

48
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Porifera Phyllum

No symmetry, no tissue, filter food particles through water

49
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What animals are in the Cnidaria phylum

Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

50
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Cnidaria phylum

Tissue, stinging tentacles, polyp has mouth pointed upward, Medusa has mouth pointed downward

51
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What animals are in the mollusca phylum

Snails, clams, oysters, squid, octopus

52
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What animals are in the annelida phylum

Segmented worms; earthworms, leeches

53
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Annelida Phylum

Body segments repeated along length of body

54
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What animals are in the platyhelminthes phylum

flatworms; planaria, tapeworms

55
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Platyhelminthes Phylum

Flat body; no body cavity

56
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What animals are in the nematoda phylum

Roundworms

57
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Nematoda Phylum

Non-segmented body; some are parasites

58
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What animals are in the Arthropoda phylum

Crustaceans; crabs, shrimp, lobster, crayfish

59
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Arthropoda Phylum

Exoskeleton; jointed appendages, segmented body

60
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What animals are in the echinodermata phylum

Starfish

61
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Echinodermata Phylum

Deuterostomes, water vascular system, radial symmetry in adult, bilateral symmetry in larva