Anatomy Midterm Exam Review

What does anatomy deal with?

The study of the structure of the body 

What is physiology?

The study of how the body works 

What are the levels of organization? Give an example

Chemical Level: Atoms and Molecules (Water) 

Cellular Level: Cells (Muscle cell) 

Tissue level: Groups of similar cells working together (epithelial tissue) 

Organ level: Different tissues working together for a function (heart) 

Organ system level: Organs working together 

Organism level: All systems working together (A human being) 

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body that keep you alive

What are the environmental factors required for an organism?

Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure 

What is homeostasis?

The body maintenance of a stable environment

What are the three steps of the self regulating control system and what is their function?

Receptor – detects a change  

Control center – decides what to do 

Effector – carries out the response 

Example of a receptor

Sensing of a temperature change

Example of a control center

the brain

Example of a effector

sweating or shivering

What is a negative feedback response

A negative feedback response is when the body reverses a change to keep things normal.

Example of a negative feedback response

Body temperature rises → you sweat → temperature goes back to normal

What muscle divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Diaphragm  

What are some of the smaller cavities found in the head?

• Oral

• Nasal

• Orbital

• Middle ear  

What type of membrane is the heart surrounded by?

Pericardium

What type of membrane is the lungs surrounded by?

Pleura

What is the functions of the integumentary system? (3)

Protection, regulating body temperature, sensory organs

What are the organs in the integumentary system? (3)

Skin, Hair, Nails

What is the functions of the skeletal system? (5)

Protection, supports and gives shape, movement, holds minerals, and makes blood cells 

What are the organs in the skeletal system? (3)

Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments 

What is the functions of the muscular system? (3)

Strength, movement, primary source of body heat

What are the organs in the muscular system? (2)

Muscles, Tendons

What is the functions of the nervous system? (1)

Transfer signals 

What are the organs in the nervous system? (4)

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Sense Organs 

What is the functions of the endocrine system? (2)

Stability (PH, BP), Hormones

What are the organs in the endocrine system? (1)

Glands 

What is the functions of the cardiovascular system? (2)

Transport (O2, Waste (CO2), Nutrients

What are the organs in the cardiovascular system? (4)

Heart, Arteries, Veins, Blood 

What is the functions of the lymphatic system? (2)

Transport fluids to circulatory system, fight infections

What are the organs in the lymphatic system? (4)

Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, Spleen, Thymus Gland

What is the functions of the digestive system? (2)

Break down food, absorb nutrients

What are the organs in the digestive system? (3)

Stomach, Small & Large Intestine 

What is the functions of the respiratory system? (1)

Gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

What are the organs in the respiratory system? (2)

Lungs, Trachea

What is the functions of the urinary system? (1)

Eliminates waste 

What are the organs in the urinary system? (4)

Kidney, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra 

What is the functions of the reproductive system? (1)

To Reproduce

What are the organs in the reproductive system? (1)

Male and Female Gonads

Superior definition

Above

Anterior definition

Front or Back

Posterior definition

Back or Behind

Proximal definition

Towards attached base

Lateral definition

Away from the longitudinal axis

Sagittal Plane

Passes along midline to divide body into right and left sections 

Transverse Plane

Cut horizontally into superior and inferior sections

What is the central abdominal region called?

Umbilical region

What region are the lower ribs located in

Right and left hypochondriac regions 

What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

What are the types of epithelium tissue? (8)

• Simple squamos

• simple cuboidal

• simple columnar

• pseudostratified columnar

• stratified squamos

• stratified cuboidal

• stratified columnar

• transitional epithelium

Describe Simple squamos

thin, flat cells 

Simple Squamos location (2)

lining:

• air sacs of lungs

• capillaries

• body cavities

• covering ventral organs

Describe Simple Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells

Simple Cuboidal location (2)

lining:

• kidney tubules

• ducts of glands

• covering surface of ovary

Describe Simple Columnar

tall, column-shaped cells

Simple Columnar location (2)

lining:

• small intestine

• uterus

Describe Pseudostratified columnar

looks layered but isn’t; often has cilia

Pseudostratified columnar location (2)

lining:

• trachea

• fallopian tube

Describe Stratified Squamos

flat cells in many layers

Stratified Squamos location (4)

lining:

• mouth

• throat

• vagina

• anus

Describe Stratified Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells in layers 

Stratified Cuboidal location (4)

• mammary glands

• sweat glands

• salivary glands

• pancreas

Describe Stratified Columnar

column-shaped cells in layers

Stratified Columnar Location (2)

• vans cleferens

• part of male urethra

Describe Transitional Epithelium

Can stretch and change shape 

Transitional Epithelium Location ()

lining:

• urinary bladder

• uterus

Exocrine Gland

An exocrine gland releases its substances through a duct to a surface or cavity

Endocrine Gland

An endocrine gland releases hormones directly into the blood

How are exocrine glands classified?

Exocrine glands are classified based on how they release their secretions and the shape of their ducts or secretory parts

What is connective tissue?

Connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, connects, and protects other parts of the body 

What are most exocrine glands classified as?

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

How are connective tissue cells different from epithelial cells?

Connective tissue cells are spaced apart with lots of supporting matrix and often have blood vessels, while epithelial cells are tightly packed and have no blood vessels. 

What are the three major cell types of CT?

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Adipocytes 

What are the three types of CT produced by fibroblasts and their function.

• Collagen fibers - strength 

• Elastic fibers - stretch 

• Reticular fibers –support network

What is another name for loose CT?

Areolar Tissue

Where is loose CT found?

• in between epithelial tissue

• around organs

• lining cavity

What does adipose tissue do for the body?

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores fat, cushions organs, and helps insulate the body

Where is adipose tissue located?

• beneath the skin

• in spaces between muscles

• around kidneys

• behind the eyeballs

• in certain abdominal membranes

• on the surface of the heart

• around certain joints 

What is another name for cartilage cell?

Chondrocyte 

What are the different types of cartilage? (3)

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage 

What does bone do for the body?

Bone is a connective tissue that supports the body, protects organs, helps with movement, and stores minerals.

What is blood made up of?

• Plasma

• red blood cells

• white blood cells

• platelets

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

What is the basic cell of nervous tissue?

The neuron

What are the 2 layers of skin?

Epidermis and Dermis 

Where can you find mucous membranes in the body? (6)

• Nose and nasal passages

• Mouth and oral cavity

• Throat (pharynx)

• Digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, intestines)

• Urinary

• reproductive tracts 

What is the function of skin? (6)

• Protects body from drying out and abrupt changes in temperature

• protection against invasion of infectious organisms and of the body’s internal living tissues and organs.

• Sense organs receptors

• helps dispose of waste material like sweat and in production of Vitamin D

What is keratinization?

Keratinization is the process where skin cells produce keratin, die, and form a tough, protective layer

How many layers does the epidermis usually have and what are they?

5: 

• Stratum Lucidem 

• Stratum Corneum 

• Stratum Granulosm 

• Stratusm Spinosm 

• Stratum Basale

Why does an extra layer of epidermis lie on the body?

An extra layer of the epidermis, called the stratum lucidum adds extra thickness and protection in areas that experience a lot of friction and pressure. 

Where does an extra layer of epidermis lie on the body?

lies on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

What is the purpose of melanocytes?

Melanocytes are cells in the skin that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. 

How are fingerprints formed?

Fingerprints are formed by the unique ridges on the skin created as the dermis grows faster than the epidermis during fetal development. 

What does the dermis do for the epidermis?

The dermis supports the epidermis by providing nutrients, blood supply, and strength, since the epidermis has no blood vessels of its own.

Meissner’s Corpuscles location and function

Located in the dermal papillae, detect light touch

Pacinian Corpuscles

Located in the deeper dermis and detect pressure and vibration

What is the subcutaneous layer?

The subcutaneous layer (also called the hypodermis) is the innermost layer beneath the skin that contains fat and connective tissue. 

What type of cells is hair made up of?

Hair is made up of keratinized epithelial cells, which are tightly packed and hardened with keratin.

How does hair get its color?

Hair color comes from melanocytes in the hair bulb that produces melanin, the pigment that gives hair its color

What is the purpose of nails? (3)

• protect the tips of fingers and toes

• help with grasping objects

• provide support for fine movements

What are sebaceous glands and what do they do for the body?

Sebaceous glands are oil-producing glands in the skin that that secrete sebum, an oily substance that

• keeps skin and hair soft, flexible, and waterproof

• helps protect against bacteria