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Biology
The study of living organisms and life processes.
Genes
Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Cells
The most basic unit of life in organisms.
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
Experimenting
Performing scientific procedures to test hypotheses.
independent variable
The one you change in an experiment
dependent variable
The one you measure in an experiment
control group
The set point of an experiment
Constant
Makes sure you only change one variable
Scientific Method
Process to conclude something
Observation and Research
Systematic observation and recording
Hypothesis
An educated guess on what you think will happen during the experiment phase
Experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis
Analysis
The process or result of identifying the parts of an experiment
Conclusion
Summarizing the collected data from the experiment
Characteristics of living things
What all living things need to be considered living
Response to the environment
an ability to respond to environmental stimuli
Metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment through change in the external environment
Reproduction
production of new organisms and new cells; sexual and a-sexual
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes for a human
Grow and Develop
Grow means increase in size. Develop means organism changes over the course of its life from birth to death.
Chemistry of Life
chemistry of life
Atom
Smallest unit of matter
Parts of an Atom
protons, neutrons, electrons
Parts of an Atom-Charge
Pro-Positive Neu-Neutral Ele-Negative
Ionic bonds
Donate or Accept Electrons
Covalent bonds
Share Electrons
pH scale
0-14, 7 Neutral
pH Scale-Acid
0-6
pH Scale-Base
8-14
Buffer
Help maintain a stable pH level
Water
H2O, universal solvent
Basic Elements of Life
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Element
Simplest form of a substance
Lipids
fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Carbs
main source of energy, Sugars and Glycogen
Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build, last source if energy, Amino Acids and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA, Nucleotide
James Hooke
Discovered Cells
Prokaryotes
Cells that do not contain nuclei
Eukaryotes
cells that contain nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
Organelle
specialized structure performs energy production, protein synthesis, or waste processing.
3 parts of a cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Organelles and their functions
Organelles and their functions
Chloroplast
Found only in plants cells-used in photosynthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Moves materials from one area of a cell to another
Vacuole
Large membrane bound sac where plants store water
Mitochondria
Makes energy in the form of ATP
Nucleus
The control center - where chromosomes are found
Lysosomes
The recycling centers of cells
Ribosomes
Where proteins are made
Cilia
Hair-like organelles tightly packed on cell surface used fir movement
cell membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Active Transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Passive Transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Hypertonic
The solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell; cell shrinks
Hypotonic
The solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell; cell expands and may burst
Isotonic
The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell; stays the same
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy
Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; Lactic acid and Alcohol
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
Mitosis
Dividing of the nucleus for reproduction
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids(DNA) and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Chromatids/Sister chromatids
two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material
Cytokanesis
division of the cytoplasm
Interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions; cell spends most time; includes G1,S,G2
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers form
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
