Midterm Flashcards

Biology

The study of living organisms and life processes.

Genes

Segments of DNA that code for proteins.

Cells

The most basic unit of life in organisms.

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Experimenting

Performing scientific procedures to test hypotheses.

independent variable

The one you change in an experiment

dependent variable

The one you measure in an experiment

control group

The set point of an experiment

Constant

Makes sure you only change one variable

Scientific Method

Process to conclude something

Observation and Research

Systematic observation and recording

Hypothesis

An educated guess on what you think will happen during the experiment phase

Experiment

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis

Analysis

The process or result of identifying the parts of an experiment

Conclusion

Summarizing the collected data from the experiment

Characteristics of living things

What all living things need to be considered living

Response to the environment

an ability to respond to environmental stimuli

Metabolism

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment through change in the external environment

Reproduction

production of new organisms and new cells; sexual and a-sexual

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes for a human

Grow and Develop

Grow means increase in size. Develop means organism changes over the course of its life from birth to death.

Chemistry of Life

chemistry of life

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Parts of an Atom

protons, neutrons, electrons

Parts of an Atom-Charge

Pro-Positive Neu-Neutral Ele-Negative

Ionic bonds

Donate or Accept Electrons

Covalent bonds

Share Electrons

pH scale

0-14, 7 Neutral

pH Scale-Acid

0-6

pH Scale-Base

8-14

Buffer

Help maintain a stable pH level

Water

H2O, universal solvent

Basic Elements of Life

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Element

Simplest form of a substance

Lipids

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

Carbs

main source of energy, Sugars and Glycogen

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build, last source if energy, Amino Acids and Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA, Nucleotide

James Hooke

Discovered Cells

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei

Eukaryotes

cells that contain nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Organelle

specialized structure performs energy production, protein synthesis, or waste processing.

3 parts of a cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Organelles and their functions

Organelles and their functions

Chloroplast

Found only in plants cells-used in photosynthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

Moves materials from one area of a cell to another

Vacuole

Large membrane bound sac where plants store water

Mitochondria

Makes energy in the form of ATP

Nucleus

The control center - where chromosomes are found

Lysosomes

The recycling centers of cells

Ribosomes

Where proteins are made

Cilia

Hair-like organelles tightly packed on cell surface used fir movement

cell membrane

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Hypertonic

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell; cell shrinks

Hypotonic

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell; cell expands and may burst

Isotonic

The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell; stays the same

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; Lactic acid and Alcohol

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

alcohol fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

Mitosis

Dividing of the nucleus for reproduction

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids(DNA) and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Chromatids/Sister chromatids

two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material

Cytokanesis

division of the cytoplasm

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions; cell spends most time; includes G1,S,G2

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.