Grade 9 Canadian Geography Exam

Precambrian Era

oldest and longest era : unicellular organisms originated

Paleozoic Era

2nd oldest and 2nd longest era : Appalachains formed, age of amphibians and fish

Mesozoic Era

3rd era (cretacious, triassic, jurassic) : Innuitions formed, firt flowering plants, Rockies started their formation

Cenozoic

Recent Life : rockies finnished forming, age of mammals, ice age,

Continental Drift

The theory stating the contenants are moving

(Alfred Wegener, 1915)

Plate Tectonics

New theory of moving "plates" powered by the force of convection currents

Subduction Zone

when plates collide, and one is forced under the other into the mantle. Ussually causes mountains, or rift valleys

Mantle

hot gooey part of the earth composed of magma

Core

the very center of the earth made up of hot hard metals

Crust

very edge of the earth, hard and cool

Igneous Rock

rock formed by the solidification of molten magma

(ex. Granite and Basalt)

Metamorphic Rock

Rock changed in structure by heat, moisture, and pressure

(ex. Marble and Gneiss)

Sedimentary Rock

Rock that forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together

(ex. Sandstone and Limestone)

What does LOWERN Stand For?

Latidtude

Ocean Currents

Winds

Elevation

Releif

Nearness to water

How does Latitude affect Climate?

The closer you are to the equator, the hotter the climate

How do Ocean currents affect Climate?

The temperature of the oceans causes the wind that blows over the land to cool or warm

How do Winds affect Climate?

jet streams alter the temperature of the winds to cool or warm the land

How does Elevation affect Climate?

as air rises it cools

How does Releif affect Climate?

ex. Mountains-causes air to cool and condense causing precipitation

Flat prairies- wind carries and travels well

How does Nearness to Water affect Climate?

causes the moderating effect. Water heats and cools slower than the land. So when the land is warm, the water is still cold, cooling the land. And vice versa

Immigration

to move permanently to another country other than your own native country

Emigration

to leave your native country to moce permanently somewhere else

What 3 cities in Canada do immigrants typically move to?

Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal

What is a Class 1 immigrant?

an independant immigrant

-Skilled worker (good working potential)

-Buisness immigrant (job offer)

What is a Class 2 immigrant?

a family immigrant (someone who is sponsered by a host)

What is a Class 3 immigrant?

a refugee (someone forced to leave their native country due to persecution, fear of death, etc)

Pull Factor

a factor that attracts a person to that country

ex. prefered weather, job offer, presence of family or friends

Push Factor

reasons for leaving your native country

ex.high taxes, war, famine, persecution, bad weather

Inshore fishing

fishing that takes place within a few kilometres of the shoreline. Small fishing boats go out to sea and return to shore each day only in good weather

Offshore fishing

commercial fishery done from company owned large boats The boats stay at sea several days before returning to shore with their catch. Boats head out during any weather

Why did the East coast fishery collapse?

-overfishing

-improved fishing technology

-uncontrolled foreign fishing

-destructive fishing practises

-changes in natural conditions

Why did the West coast fishery collapse?

-overfishing

-changes in natural conditions

-lack of salmon treaty

Sustained Yield Management

Use of renewable resource at a rate that alows the resource to renew itself.

ex: The number of fish caught shouldn't be greater than the numbner of fish reaching maturity.

What is the Canadian Sheild?

canadas biggest landform region made of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.

What are Canada's Lowlands?

-interior plains

-great lakes/st.lawrence lowlands

-arctic/hudson bay lowlands

What are Canada's Highlands?

-western cordillera

-Innuition Mountains

-Appalachin Mountains

Continental Glacier

a large glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice

Alpine Glacier

a smaller glacier that forms in mountains

Moraine

edge of a glacier

Esker

steep sided winding ridge of till

Kettle Lake

a round lake at the base of a glacier

Drumlin

egg shaped hill

Braided streams

melting water off of a glacier

Cirque

a large bowl shape in the glacier

Arrete

narrow crest with a sharp ridge

Crevasse

a deep crack in the glacier

Coniferous Tree

A tree that produces its seeds in cones and that has needle-shaped leaves.

Deciduous tree

A tree that sheds its leaves annually and grows new ones each year.

Birth Rate

the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

Death Rate

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area

Immigration Rate

the number of people entering a country each year for every thousand of the population

Emigration Rate

the number of people leaving a country each year for every thousand of the population

Net Migration Rate

immigration rate - emigration rate

Natural Increase Rate

birth rate - death rate

Population Growth Rate

net migration rate + natural increase rate

Dependancy Load

persons under the age of 16 and over 64 (the non-working population)

Ground Water

fresh water found underground

Phisical Water Pollution

least harmfull type of pollution

ex. pop can in river

Biological Water Pollution

bacteria and viruses in the water

ex. livestock and sewage waste

Chemical Water Pollution

odorless, tasteless,colourless pollution

ex.pesticides, landfill waste

What are the three types of layers of soil?

Top soil

Sub soil

Parent material

Leaching

in wet climates, minerals and nutrients being brought downwards

Calcification

in dry climates, minerals are transported upwards by evaporation

Short Grass Prairie

dries sub region of a grassland home to vegetation like cactus, short grasses, sage brush

Long Grass Prarie

dry sub region of a grassland with perfect growing conditions. lots of humus and rainfall. richest soil in canada

Parkland

transitional sector in a grassland with a miz of vegetation

Agribuisness

commercial firms that have developed with or stem out of agriculture

What are some reasons why family farms are being sold?

-kids don't want the farm

-no garunteed pay

-no retirement fund

-long and irregular hours

What are some solutions to stop Erosion on a farm?

-contour plowing

-no till cropping

What are some solutions to stop fertilizers from causing eutriphication near a farm?

-use natural fertilizers

What are some replacements for pesticides?

-species specific pesticides

-biological control of pests

Commercial Forest

The part of forest that has large enough trees and is close enough to market to allow it to be harvested by the forestry industry

Non-commercial Forest

part of a forest that has trees too small to harvest or is too far away from the market

Regeneration

when a forest renews itself by natural means

Shelterwood Logging

method of forest harvesting in which up to 70% of trees are cut, leaving small patches of old growth standing to provide seed for regeneration

Clear Cutting

method of forestry in which you cut all the trees in an area down at once

Selective Cutting

method of forestry which you only cut trees of a certain type, size or quality

What are some threats to Canada's Forests?

-the forestry industry

-air pollution (acid rain)

-chemical pollution

-aerial spraying of chemicals

-soil erosion

-forest fires

Assimulate

to lose your culture and adapt the culture of the larger group within which you live

Residential School

Schools set up by the government and run by major churches for aboriginal children

Project of Heart

a campaign led by the community to raise awarness of the effects at residential schools.

Lines of Latitude

imaginary lines that run east and west, they tell how far north and south of the equater (also called parallels)

Lines of Longitude

imaginary lines that run north and south on map or globe, they tell how far east and west of the prime meridian ( also called meridians)

North Pole

90 degrees North

Arctic Circle

66.5 degrees North

Tropic of Cancer

23.5 degrees North

Equator

0 degrees of latiude

Tropic of Cancer

23.5 degrees South

Antarctic Circle

65.5 degrees South

South Pole

90 degrees South

Prime Meridian

0 degrees of longitude

International Dateline

180 degrees of longitude

Cardinal Points

each of the four main points on a compass (north, south, east, west)

Ordinal Points

intermediate points between the the cardinal points they are NW, SW, NNE, ENE ect.

Verbal Scale

(also written)a scale on a map in which the scale is stated plainly

ex. 1cm=4km

Fraction Scale

(also representative) a scale on a map which is shown as a fraction

ex. 1:400000

Linear Scale

(or line scale) a scale on a map that shows the distance per untit of measurement drawn

ex 1 2 3 cm

l___l___l

l l l

4 8 12 km

What are the Time Zones in Canada?

Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, Newfoundland

How many Time Zones are there in the world?

24, each 15 degrees apart

Which direction is farther ahead time wise? (west or east)

east

(when you move east the time goes forward, when you move west the time goes backwards)

ex. it's 3:00 in Ottawa and 4:00 in Charlottetown