Geography: Dynamic Development & Ethiopia Case Study

AC

AC

a country that is wealthy and has a wide range of jobs and many services

EDC

a country that is in transition from being LIDC to becoming an AC

LIDC

a country that is poor and has a narrow range of jobs and few services

Economic development

an increase in the total good and services a country produces

Social development

an improvement in human welfare to meet people’s needs

Sustainable development

development to meet people’s needs now without compromising future generations

The north-south divide

geographers divided the world into ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries

Brandt line

a line drawn on the world map dividing it into the ‘rich north’ and the ‘poor south’

HDI

human development index - calculated using wealth, health and education. ranges from 0 to 1

Why do you need population for development

more workers

Why do you need climate for development

climate needs to be good for growing clops and for people to live

Why do you need land for development

needs to be suitable for growing crops and building cities

Why do you need natural resources for development

they can be traded and used for manufacturing

Colonialism

• european countries controlled much of the world

• helped europe to develop but slowed down development in colonies

How do you measure development by wealth

GDP or GNI, GNI/capita

Effects of climate change

• sea level rise

• natural disasters

• warmer

• unpredictable weather

Effects of climate change on LIDCs

• conflict

• migration

• poverty

What do ACs sell vs what to LIDCs sell

ACs trade manufactured goods that sell for more, LIDCs sell natural commodities that sell for less

How is debt an obstacle to development

it is a problem for any country that borrows money, but the impact is worse for LIDCs. some countries benefit from debt relief

Political unrest

widespread dissatisfaction with the government in a country

Ethiopia GNI per capita

around $1,000

Ethiopia literacy rate

52%

Ethiopia life expectancy

67 years

Ethiopia internet access

17%

Ethiopia location

• East Africa

• Just above the equator

• Landlocked

• Borders five countries

Why is it harder if a country is landlocked

harder to trade with other countries as there isn’t access to a sea port

Ethiopia three sections

• western highlands: wet, mountainous, coldest, best for farming but steep

• central area: unreliable rainfall, middle temps

• eastern lowlands: little & unreliable rain, hottest, livestock here, overuse of soil

How much of Ethiopia population works in agriculture

80%

How much of Ethiopia GDP is agriculture

40%

How much of Ethiopia exports is agriculture

80%

Top export of Ethiopia

coffee

Problem with Ethiopia’s exports

relies on agricultural exports which are dependent on good weather & yield

Which stage of Rostow’s model is Ethiopia in

2. pre-conditions for take off (manufacture, infrastructure, start of international trade)

Millennium development goals for Ethiopia: eradicate extreme hunger

• population living in poverty down to 29%

• 40% children malnourished

• 28% population have insufficient access to food

Millennium development goals for Ethiopia: Promote gender equality

• unemployment is higher for women, they are still required to do traditional roles

• 93% girls in primary school

• more women working in government

TNC

trans-national corporation - a business that operates all over the world. HQs in ACs and manufacturing in EDCs and LIDCs

Advantages of Hilton hotels in Ethiopia + figures

• over 1 mil jobs

• around 800k tourists expected

• predicted to contribute $2 billion to GDP

• economy can diversify

Disadvantages of Hilton hotels in Ethiopia

• leakage of profits

• tourism/infrastructure isn’t developed

• jobs are seasonal, low paid, long hours, unskilled. highest paying jobs go to foreigners

• cultural clashes & resentment towards tourism

Aid

assistance given from one country to another

Foreign aid

aid from the government of a coutntry

NGO aid

aid from a NGO

Advantages of aid

rebalances global inequality

repayment for the benefits ACs got from colonialism

everyone should have the right to essential resources

Disadvantages of aid

countries may become dependent on aid

donors may give to the wrong things

corrupt government use aid for the wrong things

What charities work in ethiopia

oxfam, farm africa, mission aviation fellowship

What has debt relief done for ethiopia’s debt

10 bil to $7 bil

How much aid does ethiopia depend on a year

over $500 mil

Top down development

• Large scale, advanced, expensive

• Require loans

• Decisions made by the government

Advantages of Gibe III dam

• generates renewable energy to power country & export (earn more than most valuable export)

• reduce impact of droughts

• flood protection

Disadvantages of Gibe III dam

• land lost - homes & farming land

• conflict between ethnic groups

• loan

Bottom up development

• led by locals

• run/supported by NGOs

• specific, small scale needs

Advantages of goat aid

• reduce hunger & poverty

• gender equality

• positive multiplier effect

Disadvantages of goat aid

• population become reliant

• benefits few people

• cant help GDP/development as a whole