HYDROLYSIS OF PROTEINS

When a protein or smaller peptide in a solution of strong acid or strong base is heated, the peptide bonds of the amino acid chain are hydrolyzed and free amino acids are produced.

When a protein or smaller peptide in a solution of strong acid or strong base is heated, the peptide bonds of the amino acid chain are _________ and __________are produced.

Protein hydrolysis reaction is the reverse of the formation reaction for a peptide bond (It breaks peptide bond).

_______________ is the reverse of the formation reaction for a peptide bond (It breaks peptide bond).

Acid Hydrolysis of Intact Proteins

Is a chemical process used to break down proteins into amino acids segments. It involves treating proteins with a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), under harsh conditions.

It protonates (positive charge) — gain protons

• This protonated protein bonds are attacked by water molecules → free amino acid

During Protein Acidic Hydrolysis, what happens to the peptide bonds in an acidic environment?

Alkaline Hydrolysis of Intact Proteins

Method used to break down proteins → free amino acids. It involves treating proteins with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), under high temperature and pressure conditions.

Alkaline hydrolysis has the same principle with acidic hydrolysis. However, in this case, the one that attacks the peptide bonds is a hydroxide ion (OH-) rather than a water molecule

Alkaline hydrolysis has the same principle with acidic hydrolysis. However, in this case, the one that attacks the peptide bonds is a ____________ rather than a water molecule

Alkaline Hydrolysis

This method is effective for hydrolyzing proteins that are resistant to acid hydrolysis.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Intact Proteins

• Is a biological process that uses enzymes to break down proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids

• This method is often preferred over chemical hydrolysis (acid or alkaline) because it is more specific and can be carried out under milder conditions.

Acidic and Alkaline hydrolysis —— under high/vigorous conditions

What type of protein hydrolysis are chemical hydrolysis?