BIO 132: Final Exam Study Guide Flash Cards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts in the digestive, metabolic, endocrine, urinary, respiratory, blood, and cardiovascular systems.

GI Tract

The gastrointestinal tract; a system of organs responsible for digestion.

Accessory Organs

Organs that assist in digestion but are not part of the digestive tract, such as the liver and pancreas.

Stomach

An organ that secretes acids and enzymes for digestion.

Small Intestine

The part of the digestive system where most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs.

Large Intestine

The final part of the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for water absorption and feces formation.

Liver

An organ with three main functions: metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis of biochemicals.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, particularly digestion.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, often caused by infection.

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums, often due to poor oral hygiene.

Periodontitis

A serious gum infection that damages soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting teeth.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease; a chronic digestive condition.

Peptic Ulcer

A sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease; chronic inflammation of the digestive tract.

Celiac Disease

An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome; a common disorder affecting the large intestine.

Diarrhea

Frequent and liquid bowel movements.

Ileus

A condition characterized by a lack of movement in the intestines.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, often viral.

Cirrhosis

Severe scarring of the liver caused by liver disease.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Catabolism

The metabolic process of breaking down molecules to obtain energy.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that requires oxygen to produce energy.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that does not require oxygen to produce energy.

Energy Content of Fats

Fats provide a high energy content and are more energy-dense than carbohydrates and proteins.

Energy Content of Proteins

Proteins provide energy but are not the body's primary energy source.

Energy Content of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a primary energy source, providing quick energy.

Adverse Effects of Alcohol

Negative health consequences including liver damage, addiction, and impaired judgment.

Kwashiorkor

A severe form of malnutrition due to protein deficiency.

Consequences of Obesity

Health risks including diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems.

Heat Production

Generated from metabolic processes, particularly during physical activity.

Heat Loss

The process of dissipating heat from the body through various mechanisms.

Fever

An elevation in body temperature usually due to infection.

Hypothalamus

A region of the brain that regulates body temperature.

Heat Exhaustion

A condition resulting from excessive loss of water and salt through sweating.

Heat Stroke

A serious condition resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

Endocrine System

The system of glands that produce hormones to regulate metabolism and other functions.

Pituitary Hormones

Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland, including growth hormone and antidiuretic hormone.

Growth Hormone

A hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.

Antidiuretic Hormone

A hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body.

Oxytocin

A hormone involved in childbirth and lactation.

Hypo secretion

Underproduction of hormones.

Hypersecretion

Overproduction of hormones.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar.

Urine Formation Steps

The four steps include filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of electrolytes, blood pressure, and waste elimination.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries involved in the filtration of blood in the kidneys.

Renal Tubule

The part of the nephron where reabsorption and secretion occur.

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone that promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Aldosterone

A hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels.

Renin-Angiotensin System

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Micturition

The process of urination.

Normal Constituents of Urine

Substances commonly found in urine, including urea and creatinine.

Abnormal Constituents of Urine

Substances that indicate disease, such as blood or glucose.

Pyelonephritis

A kidney infection.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.

Calculi

Kidney stones; hard deposits of minerals and salts.

Hydronephrosis

Swelling of a kidney due to urine build-up.

Renal Failure

The inability of the kidney to function properly.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra.

Incontinence

Inability to control urination.

Fluid Compartments

The distinct areas within the body where fluids are retained.

Daily Gain of Water

The total amount of water taken in through all sources.

Daily Loss of Water

The total amount of water lost through various processes.

Mechanism of Thirst

The physiological process that triggers the sensation of thirst.

Functions of Sodium

Regulates blood pressure and blood volume.

Functions of Potassium

Essential for proper cell function and nerve signals.

Functions of Calcium

Important for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

Electrolyte Regulation

Controlled by hormones like aldosterone and organs like the kidneys.

Normal Body pH

Typically maintained around 7.4, indicating proper acid-base balance.

Roles of Respiratory System

Regulates blood pH and oxygen levels.

Roles of Urinary System

Regulates blood pH and electrolyte balance.

Causes of Abnormal pH

Can be due to respiratory or metabolic issues.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues.

Effusion

Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.

Causes of Edema

Increased capillary permeability, sodium retention, venous obstruction.

Phases of Respiration

Includes inhalation, exhalation, gas exchange, and cellular respiration.

Mechanism of Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Gas Bound to Hemoglobin

Oxygen is primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Gas Dissolved in Plasma

Carbon dioxide is mostly dissolved in the plasma.

Control of Respiration

Involves neural and chemical regulation.

Altered Breathing Patterns

Changes in normal breathing due to various conditions.

Cold Symptoms

Characterized by a runny nose, sore throat, and cough.

Flu Symptoms

Include fever, chills, and body aches.

Pneumonia

An infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs.

Tuberculosis

A serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs.

Asthma

A chronic condition causing difficulty in breathing due to airway constriction.

Chronic Bronchitis

Long-term inflammation of the bronchi, leading to cough and mucus production.

Emphysema

A disease that causes shortness of breath due to damaged alveoli.

Components of Blood Plasma

Includes water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products.

Functions of Albumin

Maintains oncotic pressure and transports substances in blood.

Formed Elements in Blood

Include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hemostasis

The process that prevents and stops bleeding.

ABO Compatibility

The classification of blood groups to prevent transfusion reactions.

Types of Anemia

Include iron-deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, and sickle cell anemia.

Leukemia

A type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow.

Symptoms of Leukemia

Fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising.

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to make blood clots.