Unit 4 of AP U.S. History

The Election of 1800

The election that Jefferson won against Aaron Burr

• Clear choices between Democratic Republicans and Federalists were growing more

• Both parties wanted tariffs but the North wanted them low and the South wanted them high

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

What were some of the actions Jefferson decided to do during his presidency? 

• Maintained Hamilton’s Financial Plan to appease the Federalists

• Limited government by reducing the military, federal jobs, taxes (specifically on whiskey), and debt for his party, the Democratic Republicans

• Suspended the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Tried to impeach Federalist judges but it didn’t work 

• Intentionally only had Democratic Republicans in his Cabinet 

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

The Revolution of 1800

A peaceful transition between the Federalists control over the government to the Democratic Republicans

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

The Louisiana Purchase

A major purchase by Thomas Jefferson from the French of a region covering the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers with the Port of New Orleans as a part of it

• He primarily wanted it to reinforce the idea of an agrarian society and attack the Federalists, despite his previous belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

The Lewis and Clark Expedition 

Lewis and Clark explored St. Louis in 1804 and expanded knowledge of geography, science, the Oregon Territory and relations with Native Americans 

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

What were some of the actions that Aaron Burr did?

• Tried to become governor of all the New England states by using New York first but it was discovered and ended

• Killed Hamilton in a duel

• Planned to join Mexico and Louisiana together but it was seen as treason and ended too 

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

What is some key information about John Marshall?

• Chief Justice

• Federalist but even had Democratic republicans on his side

• Established the principle of judicial review → determines what is constitutional

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

The Influential Cases of John Marshall

• 1803-1821

1) Marbury v Madison

• William Marbury was a Federalists midnight judge (instated last minute) during the presidency of John Adams and felt that he was owed his commision under the Judiciary Act of 1789

• Thomas Jefferson didn’t want the judges to get commissions and told James Madison (his vice president) to withhold them

• The verdict? The Act is unconstitutional so Marbury got no dues! 

2) Fletcher v Peck

• States cannot pass laws that invalidate contracts

3) Dartmouth College v Woodward 

• Changing college institutions from private to public is unconstitutional since it’s a contract 

4) McCullough v Maryland 

• Taxing federal institutions like the Second Bank is not allowed because federal laws > state laws and taxation will equal destruction! 

5) Cohens v Virginia 

• The Supreme Court can always review state laws! 

6) Gibbons v Ogden 

• Federal monopolies take precedent over state monopolies and the Federal gov controls the interstate of commerce 

(See “The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson”)

The Era of Good Feelings 

President James Monroe’s Two Terms

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

Why did Federalists begin to fade out during Monroe’s Presidency?

• Opposing the War of 1812

• Becoming more secessionist

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

When was James Monroe elected?

1812

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

The Panic of 1819 

The Second Bank of the US had an economic disaster after trying to control inflation

• Nationalistic beliefs were very shaken!

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

What led to a rise in economic nationalism?

The War of 1812 led to a demand to grow the economy by building canals and protecting industries 

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

Henry Clay’s American System

1) Use protective tariffs

2) maintain another national bank

3) build internal improvements like the Cumberland Road

• Made to promote manufacturing, national currency, and growth

  • The protective tariffs benefitted the north with manufacturing and protection from european merchants

  • The national bank would benefit all of the regions with more capital

  • The internal improvements would benefit the west since it would help the prices go down! (though many were mad that they would have to pay for these in other states)

• Congress decided that there should be a national bank and protective tariffs but no internal improvements (yet!) 

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

What were the top reasons for westward movement?

1) New Lands (The Indiana Territory and the South of Florida)

2) Economic pressures (Difficulty with emparbago in the Northeast and the war effort from 1812 and tobacco planters needed land for cotton)

3) More transportation (because of roads, canals, steamboats and railroads)

4) More immigrants (Mostly Europeans who loved the cheap lands out west)

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

Since so many people were moving west, what did Western states want?

More influence! 

• They bargained for easy credit, low land prices, and more transportation

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

The Missouri Compromise

There were debates between the North and the South over whether Missouri should be a free state or not so Henry Clay proposed that Missouri should be a slave state while Maine should be a free state and there should be no slavery north of the Louisiana Territory (the 36*30* degree line) 

• this was accepted in 1820!

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

The Tallmadge Amendment

James Tallmadge tried to fix slave debates in Missouri by  stating that Missouri should be free and all child slaves should be emancipated at 25 years old but this was rejected!

• Seen as a scheme against the South! 

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

Sectionalism v Nationalism

Loyalty to a region vs loyalty to the nation which was primarily sparked from political crisis and slave debates during this time

• sectionalism was a big problem since some states were as big as countries! luckily this was solved through more communication and transportation

(See “Political and Regional Interests”) 

What are the two main examples of Jefferson’s foreign policy during this time period?

1) The Barbary Pirates

2) Challenges to neutrality → The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair and the Embargo Act

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Barbary Pirates/Barbary War

These pirates were mostly based along the Metiteratian, and they attacked merchant ships, so Washington and Adams paid tribute to their government 

But instead. Jefferson decided to send navy against the main group, the Tripoli 

• This caused the Barbary Wars ! and the us didn’t really win but they won respect (1801-1805)

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Challenges to Neutrality (during Jefferson’s Presidency)

The Napoleonic Wars caused French and Britain to seize ships off of neutral countries and impress sailors 

• This led to the Chesapeake-Leopold Affair and then the Embargo Act of 1807

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Chesapeake-Leopold Affair

The British ship Leopold fired at the American ship Chesapeake which killed and kidnapped sailors!

• People demanded war but Jefferson decided to use economic pressure through The Embargo Act of 1807

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Embargo Act of 1807

This act stopped US merchant ships from going to foreign ports but it backfired!! It got so bad that the US faced economic hardship and had to repeal the act in 1809

• This hardship still! continued when the act was repealled so the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 and then Macon’s Bill No.2 of 1810 were created in Madison’s Presidency

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Nonintercourse Act of 1809

This act tried to end economic hardship while also staying neutral by stating that the US can trade with anyone EXCEPT France and Britain

• Still didn’t work! Prompting Macon’s Bill No.2 in 1810 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Macon’s Bill No.2 in 1810

Economic hardship continued so Nathaniel Macon—a congressman—made a deal to restore trade with either Britain or France depending on who agreed to the terms and conditions first

• Napoleon claimed that he would revoke any degrees that violated US neutrality so Madison cut off trade with Britain in  1811

• However France continued to seize American merchant ships ! so they were SOL  

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The War of 1812

Major war between Britain and the US!! 

• First factor: Britain dismaying neutral rights and free seas trade by impressing sailors 

  • Their previous history certainly didn’t help! and France had also done some of these things but it wasn’t as often and they were more admired for their revolution so no war with them

• Second factor: Britain allied with Native Americans and the Spanish to rebel against settlers 

  • The two leaders of these rebellions included Tecumseh and Prophet who led the people east of the Mississippi (they unfortunately lost)

  • The leader of the settlers was William Henrty Garrison 

  • The Spanish helped push settlers back off of land 

• Third factor: The Warhawks ! 

  • A 1810 election brought the Warhawks to the forefront in the House of Representatives—a group that reaaally wanted war with Britain! 

  • They were primarily from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio

  • Some prominent leaders were Henry Clay and John Calhoun 

• Fourth factor: British delays in meetings 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Who was for and against the War of 1812?

• For: Mostly Pennsylvania, Vermont, Southern/Western states, and one side of Democratic Republicans 

• Against: Mostly New England/Northern states, other side of Democratic Republicans called Quids, Federalists, and  New England merchants

  • Rational of Quids: Democratic Republicans are supposed to believe in a limited government and wars 

  • Rational of Federalists: This war is a plot to gain control of Canada and Florida 

  • Rational of New England merchants: Impressment is irrelevant compared to the amount of money they’re gettin and the British are also Protestant like them

• This sharp divide led to the Hartford Convention later on…

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Importance of the Election of 1812?

Madison was reelected as President and was for the war! 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Major defeats and victories of the War of 1812?

Defeats: America tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain but only got retaliation

Victories:

• The American ship Constitution/Old Ironsides and more sunk British ships (1812)

• Captain Oliver Hazard Perry won a battle at Lake Erie (1813)

• The Battle of Thames in Detroit with William Henry Davidson (1813)

• Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain (1814)

• The Chesapeake Campaign 

• The Southern Campaign (Battle of Horseshoe Bend and the Battle of New Orleans)

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Chesapeake Campaign

The British destroyed many government buildings in Washington DC and tried to take Baltimore but was stopped by Fort McHenry

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Southern Campaign 

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend 

  • General Andrew Jackson led this battle in Alabama against the Creek Nation—a British ally—and won

• Battle of New Orleans’

  • The British tried to control the Mississippi but was stopped

  • The American army included African Americans and Creoles!

  • Andrew Jackson was seen as a major hero

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Hartford Convention

Just before the war ended, extreme Federalists (that hated the war!) threatened to secede from the Union because of the war—meaning joining Canada…and essentially Britain!! 

• They ended up looking like losers lowkey since the treaty came rolling in but it made Congress adopt a new procedure: 2/3 of both houses need to be in agreement in terms of war 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Treaty of Ghent 

• This ended the War of 1812! 

• Not only was Britain tired of war but Madison began to believe that they wouldn’t get a full victory 

• American commissioners traveled to Ghent, Belgium and came to an agreement in 1814-1815 

• The war was a complete stalemate

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Monroe’s Foreign Affairs

1) In Canada 

• The Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ended but there was still unresolved issues which led to the Rush-Bagot Agreement and the Treaty of 1818 

2) In Florida 

• Military action had to be taken while occupying west Florida during the War of 1812 but this developed into Jackson’s Military Campaign 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Rush-Bagot Agreement

A major disarmament pact between Britain and America that limited the navy in the Great Lakes anf the border

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Treaty of 1818

Improved relations between the US and Canada with shared fishing rights in Newfoundland, shared space in the Oregon Occupation for ten years and northern limits along the Louisiana Territory by using the 49th Parallel 

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Jackson’s Military Campaign

Semioles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws raided US territory through Spanish territory

• Spanish troops had temporarily been removed to combat South American revolts 

So, Jackson led a force against raiders by destroying Seminole land, hanging their chiefs, attacking the Spanish governor, and going after accomplices who were British traders

• There was a fear of war with Britain and Spain but it never came 

• Out of fear Spain introduced the Florida Purchase Treaty

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Florida Purchase Treaty

Spain turned over everything in Florida and the Oregon Territory in exchange for Smil and Texas

• Also called the Adams-Onis Treaty

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

The Monroe Doctrine

This stated that that European powers could not interfere with the Americas, even Britain

• There were many monarchies like France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

• Both Britain and the US wanted to protected the America from European agressions

  • This includes Russia’s presence in Alaska for seal hunting 

• Britian used naval power to deter Spanish forces in Latin America but still had to keep the peace and pushed for a joint declaration warning with the US 

• Monroe and his advisors agreed with the declaration but John Quincy Adams (the Secretary of State) didn’t believing that the British would restrict expansion

• Adams reasoned that Britain would back America no matter and that Britain has enough power to handle any aggressor 

• !So Monroe agreed in 1823

(See “America on the World Stage”) 

Development in the Old Northwest

• Corn and wheat were profitable and fed urban areas

• The steal plow (made by John Deere) and mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick) led to farms only needing a few workers by 1834 since steel was more efficient

(See “Market Revolution”)

The Old Northwest

States that joined the Union before 1860

• Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

• This land was previously very unsettled and relied on the Mississippi to ship grain

• Became closely connected to northern states through military campaigns and building canals and railroads

(See “Market Revolution”)

Examples of transportation

• The Landchester Turnpike in Pennsylvania connected to Philadelphia which caused the construction for more

• Some states refused to spend on internal improvements but an exception was the National Cumberland Road that connected Maryland to Illinois (1811-1850)

• The Erie Canal in New York (1825) stimulated economic growth, lower food prices up east, more immigrants out west, and stronger ties

• Steam powered engines allowed for factories to be built anywhere

• Steamboats were developed by Robert Fulton and improved the speed of hauling freight 

• The first railroads were in the 1820s-1830s and after safety developments they transformed small western towns like Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into commercial centers and connected the North with the Midwest

(See “Market Revolution”)

Example of communications

Samuel F.B. Morse created the telegraph which allowed people to talk as fast as electricity

(See “Market Revolution”)

Growth of Industry 

In the beginning on the 19th century there was little manufacturing in the economy but by the midcentury it picked up due to…

• New mechanical inventions like the cotton gin and system of interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) 

• Corporations raising capital thanks to a New York law in 1811 that allowed them to sell shares of stock and only loosing the invested money 

  • the large sums of capital allowed for more factories, canals, and railroads 

• The growth of the factory system

  • Originated in Britain but came to the US in 1791 using the first textile factory thanks to Samuel Slater 

• Labor 

  • It was typically hard to find due to the amount of cheap lands out west so factory owners in textile mills like the Lowell Mill in Massachusetts hired young farm women who lived in dorms, along with children and immigrants 

  • The Lowell System: Having all production in one place 

• Unions 

  • Based in major cities and increased along with the factory system 

  • Skilled workers often had to go to factories since the craft system was dying out 

  • These groups strived to have a ten-hour workday against the low hours, low pay, and low conditions 

  • ‘There were some obstacles like how immigrants were used as replacements, some states outlawed unions, and there were frequent economic depressions 

• The Act Relative to Incorporations for Manufacturing Purposes in 1811 

  • First US law giving authorization to forming corporations 

  • Before they needed state permission 

  • Started in New York

• Lloyd was the first pre-planned industrial city that had factories that spun and weaved

(See “Market Revolution”)

Commercial Agriculture

• Farming became more commercial and that led to cash crops

• Large western lands were for cheap

• State banks made it easy for farmers to take out a loan 

• Canals and railroads opened more markets to the East 

(See “Market Revolution”)

Cotton and the South

• The cotton gin (made by Eli Whitney in 1793) made cotton more profitable

• Southern planters invested in Alabama, Mississippi, and African Americans

• The south got connected to a global economy

  • Mills in New England and Europe depended on cotton

  • Shipping firms, banks, and insurance companies in the North needed the transport of cotton

  • Plantation owners purchased pork, corn, and more in the Midwest since their land was devoted to cotton

(See “Market Revolution”)

How were women affected by the market revolution? 

• They primarily had two choices for work: domestic service or teaching

• Factory work like in the Lowell Mills were not common!

• Less arranged marriages and less children expected

• The Republican Motherhood shifted to the Cult of Domesticity: the belief that women should have moral responsibilities over the home

• Godey’s Lady’s Book was a big influence since it was used as an ‘exemplar’ of how women should act

(See “Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture”) 

Changes in economic and social mobility 

• Wages went up in the early 1800s but so did the wealth gap

• There was more social mobility tho!

• Alexis de Tocqueville wrote Democracy in America which showed…democracy! and more freedom for people

(See “Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture”) 

Population Growth and Change

• The population doubled from 1800-1825 due to a higher birthrate and immigrants from Great Britain and Germany

  • The rise in immigration was due to easier transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, and more representation in the US 

    • Many stayed at Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, while few went South 

  • The urban population jumped since immigrants fueled the economy, especially in Boston, Baltimore, and New York 

  • This grew the Industrial Revolution, which attracted people like Natives and Europeans from farming communities to new and large urban areas 

    • Unfortunately, this grew the slums: dirty, dangerous, and overcrowded areas in the city 

• Despite the decline of slavery the population of African Americans grew

• One third (40%) of the population lived west of the Alleghenies by the 1830

(See “Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture”) 

What are some new cities?

• Buffalo 

• Cleveland

• Detroit 

• Chicago 

• Cincinnati 

• St. Louis  

These cities were transfer points, sending farm products to the East and distributing manufacturing goods from the East 

• George Caleb Bingham displayed methods of transportation in these cities in his art like The Jolly Flatboatmen

(See “Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture”) 

Methods of organized labor

• Manufacturing increased so goods were cheaper and that improved the standard of living while also creating a small class of wealth made up factory owners and bankers and a growing middle class

• Labor unions were created to protect urban workers from low pay, long hours, and unsafe conditions

  • The first labor union was in Philadelphia in 1828 and that led to a jump in unions and strikes 

  • Commonwealth v. Hunts is where the Massachusetts Supreme Court established the right for labor unions to negotiate labor contracts 

  • In the north some states had a 10 hour workday but improvements were limited by depressions, hostile employees and courts, and low wage immigrants labor

(See “Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture”) 

Greater Equality 

• It was getting harder to differentiate between social classes! and equality was becoming a major governing principle

• The principle of equality was the idea that a poor white man could cross socio-economic lines by using talent and hardwork as the self made man

• White Male Suffrage was instated in Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), and Missouri (1821) and that increased voting by sevenfold 

• Politics moved from rich Southern planters and northern merchants to middle and lower classes due to…

  • Spreading democracy

  • New suffrage laws

  • More education

  • Newspaper circulation

(See “Expanding Democracy”) 

Changes to parties and campaigns

• Candidates used to be elected by state legislature or by King Caucus but by 1830s that changed to large meeting halls, with South Carolina being the only one using the old system 

  • King Caucus was a policy of closed door meetings by Congress 

  • The Anti-Masonic Party was the first to introduce this system

• Campaigns began to directly appeal to the common man and since they became more entertaining politicians often used more personal attacks in their popular campaigning 

• The Two Party System vs. The Rise of Third Parties

  • Large campaigns led to large political parties

  • As for third parties like the Workingman’s Party, they reached out to more non-political groups like artisans and skilled laborers

• More elected offices allowed voters to get more voice in government through broder elections during the Jacksonian Era  

• The Spoils System and Rotation of Officeholders 

  • These two systems confirmed the democratic ideals that every white man is equal and that ordinary people could hold office which gave the two party system more strength 

  • Winning government jobs became a big goal of parties and Jackson implemented that within the Democratic party 

(See “Expanding Democracy”) 

The Spoils System

Anyone who actively contributed to the aligning politics party would get a federal job

• This painted Jackson as a king!

(See “Expanding Democracy”) 

Rotation in Office

This limited someone to one term

(See “Expanding Democracy”) 

The major events of Andrew Jackson against John Quincy Adams?

1) The Election of 1824 

2) The Presidency of John Q Adams 

3) The Revolution of 1828 

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”) 

The Election of 1824

• Four candidates from the Democratic-Republicans tried to become president: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson 

• Jackson got the popular vote but not the electoral college one

• Henry Clay gave votes to John Quincy Adams in exchange for Henry Clay to be the Secretary of State

  • this was considered as a corrupt bargain! 

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”) 

The Presidency of John Q Adams

• Angered Jackson supporters by implementing internal improvements, manufacturing, a national university and a astronomy observatory

  • They thought this was a waste of money and a violation of the constitution! 

• Pushed for a 1828 tariff that northern manufacturers loved but was called an abomination by southern planters 

  • this would come back soon.. 

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”) 

The Revolution of 1828

• Adams wanted to win the reelection but Jackson supporters prevented that with southern/western discontent, new campaign tactics, and insults to his wife 

  • All the drama got a lot of votes!

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”) 

What are some big events in the first term in Presidency of Andrew Jackson? 

1) The Peggy Eaton Affair 

2)The Indian Removal Act → The Trail of Tears 

3) The Nullification Crisis 

4) Opposition to abolitionists 

5) The Bank Veto 

6) The Two Party System 

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”) 

The Peggy Eaton Affair 

John C Calhoun, the Vice President, and many other cabinet members ended up leaving when hearing their wives complain about Eaton and Jackson’s efforts to defend her 

• Martin V Buren stayed and became the new Vice President

(See “Jackson and Federal Power”)