Module 1 (psyc 140)

Major periods of development

prenatal

infancy and toddlerhood

early childhood

middle childhood

adolescence

early adulthood

middle adulthood

late adulthood

distinctive features of human development

lifelong

multidirectional

multidisciplinary

multidimensional

is development specific to a certain period in your life?

no, development is LIFELONG

which feature of human development is described by change being either good, bad, or both, simultaneously?

i.e at every period, an individual might be improving in some ways and falling behind in others.

Multidirectional

which feature of human development is aging considered to be?

multidirectional

has to do with something becoming more developed and more advanced

can be physical, emotional, and/or cognitive

maturation

changes in the following dimensions: biological, social, emotional, and cognitive describe how development is what?

multidimensional

two major controversies in the field of developmental psychology

nature vs nurture

continuity vs discontinuity

controversy in the field of developmental psychology that looks at what causes people to be the way they are

nature vs nurture

nature

the influence of our inherited characteristics or biology on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions on change and growth

Nurture

the influence of our environments, such as parental influence, socioeconomic status, or level of education on change and growth

determine whether each theorist leans toward the nature or the nurture side? (Freud, Erikson, Skinner, and Piaget)

Freud- both

Erikson- nurture

Skinner- nurture

Piaget- nature

controversy in the field of developmental psychology that looks at what has to do with the process of change

continuity vs discontinuity

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

who described 5 stages of development each of which involves a conflict and a fixation with an area of the body that is associated with sexual gratification?

sigmund freud

who described eight stages of human development, ranging from infancy to late adulthood?

Erik Erikson

Anal Stage

(18-36 months)

stage focuses on bowel and bladder elimination. coping with demands for control (potty training)

Oral Stage

(0-18 months)

stage focuses on pleasure on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Phallic Stage

(3-6 years)

focuses on the pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency stage

(6 to puberty)

focuses on dormant sexual feelings

Genital Stage

(puberty on)

stage focuses on maturation of sexual interests

sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others

Stage 1 of Erikson's Development Stages

Birth to 18 months

Trust vs. Mistrust

Task: Feeding

Stage 2 of Erikson's Development Stages

18 months to 3 years

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Task: Toilet Training

Stage 3 of Erikson's Development Stages

3-6 years

Initiative vs. Guilt

Task: Independence

Stage 4 of Erikson's Development Stages

6-12 years

Industry vs. Inferiority

Task: School

Stage 5 of Erikson's Development Stages

12-19 years

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Task: Adolescence

Stage 6 of Erikson's Development Stages

Young Adulthood (20-40)

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Task: Love relationships

Stage 7 of Erikson's Development Stages

Middle Adulthood (41-64)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Task: Parenting

Stage 8 of Erikson's Development Stages

Late Adulthood (65-death)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Task: Reflections on life

what is similar about eriksons stages and freuds stages?

-each reflect a crisis

-both emphasizes the unconscious and early childhood experiences

what are the differences that you may have noted between the two theories?

-lack of sexual content in Erikson's stages

-Erikson in many ways moved beyond a strictly psychodynamic approach

-Erikson's detailed emphasis far beyond adolescence

types of behaviorism

-classical conditioning

-operant conditioning

-social learning

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

How did Pavlov become interested in studying reflexes?

when he saw that the research dogs salivated any time that they saw a researcher in a lab coat.

A normal trigger for salivation would be the smell of food, but the dogs had learned to associate food with the lab coats.

What is a conditioned reflex?

is a learned response.

an organism becomes responsive to a stimulus that previously was neutral.

i.e. overtime, Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to respond to the lab coats

How does treatment for phobias apply classical conditioning principles?

This type of conditioning to the lab coats happened accidentally, but classical conditioning can be used very intentionally to help people.

Systematic desensitization operates on principles similar to classical conditioning and helps a phobic individual to, over time, associate a feared stimulus with feeling relaxed.

Since relaxation and high anxiety are incompatible, the high anxiety will eventually decrease or go away entirely.

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

who was one of the foremost researchers on operant conditioning (he even coined the term) ?

B.F. Skinner

social learning

process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

learning technique revolved around modeling

emphasizes that people learn by observing others, and this learning can occur without necessarily shaping behavior through reward and punishment.

social learning

who embraced a cognitive perspective, meaning his stages of development focus on the changes in thinking that children from infancy through adolescence experience?

Jean Piaget

Jean Piagets Four stage theory of cognitive development:

1. sensorimotor,

2. preoperational,

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational.

He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

what is unique about Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

-its is concerned with children rather than all learners

-focuses on development rather than learning

-proposes discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences rather than gradual increase in number & complexity of behaviors concepts ideas etc

information processing theory

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

Like a computer, the human brain actively manipulates information in specific ways.

which theory holds that cognitive development is continuous rather than discontinuous?

information processing theory

Ethological Theory

Assigning traits and behaviors based on a person's biology or genetic make-up.

who illustrated ethological theory most famously

Konrad Lorenz and his geese

Sociological Theories

Logical, rigorous frameworks for the interpretation of social life that make particular assumptions and ask particular questions about the social world

who is an example of a sociocultural theorist?

Lev Vygotsky

sociocultural theory

Cultural transmission and the role of key individuals in a person's life are extremely important to development.

who's work and kind of theory is admired for the emphasis on what students can accomplish in conjunction with a teacher's guidance?

Lev Vygotsky sociocultural theory

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

-focuses on an environment of development (rather than the natural environment)

-includes five environmental systems that influence development

Ecological Theory

explains critical periods of human behavior or development being attributed to biological factors.

It is important to understand the many contexts in which individuals exist.

.According to Erikson, unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ________ of the world.

mistrust

According to Erikson, the "terrible two's" stem from a toddler's need to assert what?

autonomy

Erikson uses the term,___________, to refer to producing something that benefits others

generativity

What, according to Erikson, is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood?

despair

How many psychosocial stages did Erikson describe?

eight

Birth-18 months

oral

18 months to 3 years

anal

age 3-6 years

phallic

Age 6-puberty

latency

puberty through adulthood

genital

What should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage? Be specific in indicating a realistic way a parent can do this.

Erikson; discontinuous vs continous?

Discontinuous

Freud; discontinuous vs continous?

Discontinuous

Piaget; discontinuous vs continous?

Discontinuous

Skinner; discontinuous vs continous?

continous

Explain why Jean Piaget's theory is considered to come from a cognitive perspective.

___________ stage theory covers the greatest breadth in the greatest detail (_________ through late adulthood)

he incorporates _________ development to a greater extent than do the other theorists.

Erikson's

infancy

social

____________ focuses exclusively on ________ development and primarily focuses on ______________.

Piaget

cognitive

childhood

____________ emphasizes ________________ development and also focuses mainly on childhood and _________________.

Freud

psychosexual

adolescence

Choose two of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: (1)

a. Name the stage.

b. Name the age group associated with each stage.

c. Describe in detail the crises that occurs

a) trust v Mistrust

b) infants, birth to 18 months

c)

Choose two of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: (2)

a. Name the stage.

b. Name the age group associated with each stage.

c. Describe in detail the crises that occurs

a) Ego Integrity v Despair

b) late adulthood, 65 to death

c)

Why is it important to study human development across the lifespan?

actual development is present lifelong. There are changes emotionally, physically, socially, and cognitively at every stage of development that massively impact an individual in that moment and for the future.

What does it mean that development is multidirectional?

Development involves both improvement and decline. Specific terms, such as growth, aging, and maturation reflect the multidirectional nature of development.

Why is lifespan development multidisciplinary?

Lifespan development is studied by professionals in various fields thus making it multidisciplinary

Is there a reason why various disciplines study lifespan development?

important to health professions, education, and the social sciences.

understanding of issues and complexities of specific age groups is key to helping people.

important to study the whole person—for instance, health, thought processes, and emotions—

each type of development affects the others

Biological Dimension

physical development or physical changes occurring in/on the body.

external influences (for instance, drugs, healthful behaviors) influence biology and vice versa.

Social Dimension

how an individual changes in regards to his/her social interactions with others and the world.

Emotional Dimension

how an individual changes or adapts their actions based on how he/she regulates and interprets emotion.

cognitive dimension

how an individual processes the other dimensions and he/she changes in the way they think.