ANAPHY WEEK 1

Introduction to the Human Bodyitionss

Homeostasis

The state of relative stability or balance of the body’s internal environment.

Feedback Systems

Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

Anatomy

The science of body structures and the relationships among them. (Parts and Function)

Chemical Level

The level of structural organization and body systems where two or more atoms joined to form molecules.

Cellular Level

The level of structural organization and body systems where molecules combined to form cells.

Tissue level

The level of structural organization and body systems where molecules combine to form cells.

Epithelial Tissue

Type of tissue that covers body surfaces. (Skin)

Connective Tissue

Type of tissue that connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

Muscular Tissue

Type of tissue that contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.

Nervous Tissue

Type of tissue that carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

Organ Level

The level of structural organization and body systems where different types of tissues are joined.

System Level

The level of structural organization and body systems where it consists of related organs with common functions.

Organismal Level

The level of structural organization and body systems where it is an organism or any living individual.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism

The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

Responsiveness

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

Movement

The motion of the body.

Growth

The increase in body size that results from an increase in size or/and number of cells.

Differentiation

The development of of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

Precursor Cells or Stem Cells

Divides and gives rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

Reproduction

The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement through cell division.

Reproduction

The production of a new individual through fertilization.

Intracellular Fluid

The fluid within the cells.

Extracellular Fluids

The fluid outside the body cells.

Interstitial Fluid

The fluid in between the cells. Also known as the body’s internal environment. It changes as substances move back and forth between it and blood plasma.

Blood Plasma

The EFC fluid within blood vessels.

Lymph

The EFC fluid within lymphatic vessels.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

The EFC fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord.

Synovial Fluid

The EFC fluid within the joints.

Aqueous Humor & Vitreous Body

The EFC fluid within the eyes.

Nervous System

Regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state.

Nerve Impulses

Electrical signals that can counteract changes from the balanced state and typically cause rapid changes.

Endocrine System

Includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules into the blood.

Hormones

Secreted into the blood and usually works slowly.

Nerve Impulses & Hormones

Both means of regulation, however, work toward the same end, usually through negative feedback systems.

Controlled Condition

Each monitored variable, ssuch as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level.

Stimulus

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.

Receptor

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

Afferent Pathway

The pathway where input first goes to. Also known as 1st order.

Control Center

A body structure that receives the input and evaluates it, then generates output.

Efferent Pathway

The pathway where the output goes after it flows away from the control center.

Effector

A body structure that receives output and produces a response or effects that changes the controlled condition.

Negative Feedback Systems

Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Positive Feedback Systems

Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.

Disorder

Any abnormality of structure or function.

Disease

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

Local Disease

Affects one part or a limited region of the body.

Systemic Disease

Affects either the entire body or several parts of it.

Symptoms

Changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

Signs

Changes in body that can be observed an measured.

Epidemiology

A study that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals.

Diagnosis

The ability and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.