Pre History CHAPTER 2 — FIRST CITIES & CIVILIZATIONS
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40 Terms
Where did the world's first writing system develop?
Mesopotamia.
What is cuneiform?
One of the world's first writing systems.
Who were scribes?
People who wrote and kept records.
What was cuneiform first used for?
Keeping track of trade and property.
Why was writing important?
t allowed people to save and share information.
What could ancient writing record?
Trade, property, politics, history, and stories.
What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?
An ancient Mesopotamian story.
What did the Epic of Gilgamesh include?
A story about a great flood and the gods.
Where did early cities develop?
Near major rivers.
Why were rivers important?
They provided water for farming.
What is irrigation?
Moving water to crops.
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities.
What helped early cities grow?
Farming, irrigation, trade, and new technology.
What is labor specialization?
People having different jobs.
What happened as jobs became specialized?
Society became more organized but also more unequal.
What is the difference between urban and rural life?
Urban = city. Rural = countryside.
Did cities and rural areas depend on each other?
Yes.
What is trade?
Exchanging goods with other people or places.
Why did Mesopotamia need trade?
It lacked many natural resources.
What did Mesopotamia get through trade?
Wood, copper, stone, tin, and other materials.
Why did trade help cities?
It brought resources and connected different cultures.
What were some early Sumerian cities?
Uruk, Eridu, and Nippur.
What is a ziggurat?
A large stepped temple.
Why were temples important?
They were places for worship and economic activity.
What is social hierarchy?
A system where some people have more power or status.
Who was at the top of Sumerian society?
Kings and priests.
What did rulers control?
Political and economic resources.
What is a bureaucracy?
People who help run a government.
Was it easy to move between social classes?
No.
Who usually controlled the family?
The senior male.
Could some Sumerian women own property?
Yes.
Why did Sumerian city-states fight?
They competed for resources and trade.
Who was Sargon the Great?
A ruler who united many Mesopotamian cities.
What did Sargon create?
A large territorial state.
What is a territorial state?
A government controlling a large area of land.
What is metallurgy?
Working with metals.
What were some important early technologies?
Irrigation, wheels, metalworking, and writing.
What is the big idea of Chapter 2?
Farming, trade, technology, writing, and government helped cities and civilizations grow.