Preload, Afterload & Cardiac Output

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Last updated 7:17 AM on 8/25/26
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5 Terms

1
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What is preload?

  • Tension in ventricular wall at end-diastole

  • Reflects venous filling pressure

  • Related to ventricular filling


2
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What is afterload?

  • Forces opposing blood ejection from heart

  • Primarily related to:

    • Peripheral vascular pressure

    • Aortic compliance

    • Blood viscosity


3
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What is stroke volume (SV)?

  • Blood ejected by LV with each contraction

  • Normal ≈ 60–80 mL


4
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What is cardiac output (CO)?

  • Blood pumped by a ventricle per minute

  • CO = SV × HR

  • Resting adult male ≈ 4.5–5.0 L/min

  • Can reach ≈ 25 L/min during exercise


5
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What is venous return?

  • Blood returning to right atrium each minute

  • In closed cardiovascular system:

    • Venous return ≈ cardiac output over time