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What is preload?
Tension in ventricular wall at end-diastole
Reflects venous filling pressure
Related to ventricular filling
What is afterload?
Forces opposing blood ejection from heart
Primarily related to:
Peripheral vascular pressure
Aortic compliance
Blood viscosity
What is stroke volume (SV)?
Blood ejected by LV with each contraction
Normal ≈ 60–80 mL
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Blood pumped by a ventricle per minute
CO = SV × HR
Resting adult male ≈ 4.5–5.0 L/min
Can reach ≈ 25 L/min during exercise
What is venous return?
Blood returning to right atrium each minute
In closed cardiovascular system:
Venous return ≈ cardiac output over time