research methods

what is the dependent variable

the variable that is measured

what is the independent variable

the variable that is changed

what is the control

no change in the independent variable to act as a baseline

what is operationalisation

defining variables simply to make them easy to measure and manipulate

what is an extraneous variables

other variables that might affect the depndent variable

what is a confounding variable

an uncontrolled extraneous variable that negatively affects results

what are the types of extraneous variables

participant participant reactivity situational and investigator effects

what is a participant variable

characteristics of the participant

what is particpant reactivity

a change in a particpants behavior due to being part of research

what is situational variables

the experimental environment

what are investigator effects

unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome

what are demand characteristics

cues in the environment that help the participants realise the aims of the study casuing them to change their behavior

what is the hawthorne effect

when particpants know they are being studied so change their behavior

what is social desirability

tendency of people to present themselves in the best light possible

order effects

partcipants behavior being affected in the second condition

what are the methods of dealing with extraneous variables

randomisation standardisation counterbalancing single blind double blind

what is standardisation

keeping the environment and instructions the same

what is a single blind

participants don't know the hypothesis and conditions

what is a double blind

participants and experiments dont know the hypothesis and conditions

what are the two types of hypothesis

null and experimental

what are the two types of experimental hypothesis

directional and non directional

what are the 4 types of sampling(RVOS)

random volunteer oppurtunity systematic

what questions do we answer when talking about random sampling

who what how

what is the control

no change in the independent variable to act as a baseline

what is operationalisation

defining variables simply to make them easy to measure and manipulate

what is an extraneous variables

other variables that might affect the depndent variable

what is a confounding variable

an uncontrolled extraneous variable that negatively affects results

what are the types of extraneous variables

participant participant reactivity situational and investigator effects

what is a participant variable

characteristics of the participant

what is particpant reactivity

a change in a particpants behavior due to being part of research

what is situational variables

the experimental environment

what are investigator effects

unwanted influence of the investigator on the research outcome

what are demand characteristics

cues in the environment that help the participants realise the aims of the study casuing them to change their behavior

what is the hawthorne effect

when particpants know they are being studied so change their behavior

what is social desirability

tendency of people to present themselves in the best light possible

order effects

partcipants behavior being affected in the second condition

what are the methods of dealing with extraneous variables

randomisation standardisation counterbalancing single blind double blind

what is standardisation

keeping the environment and instructions the same

what is a single blind

participants don't know the hypothesis and conditions

what is a double blind

participants and experiments dont know the hypothesis and conditions

what are the two types of hypothesis

null and experimental

what are the two types of experimental hypothesis

directional and non directional

define self reporting

participants giving information about themselves without researcher interference

name the 2 self report methods

questionnaires and interviews

name the types of questions

closed and open

name the types of interviews

structured and unstructured

name the 6 types of observations

naturalistic controlled overt covert participant non participant

what are behaviour categories

clearly defined target behaviours that need to be recorded

how can we make our categories effective

they need to be operationalised and measurable with no overlap

name the two types of sampling in relation to observations

time and event

what is time sampling

sampling using a pre established time frame

what behaviours is time sampling used for

more frequent behaviours

why is time sampling used

to reduce the number of observations

what is event sampling

recording every occurrence of a behaviour

what is an advantage of naturalistic observations

high ecological validity

what is a disadvantage of naturalistic observations

low replicability due to lack of control

what is an advantage of controlled observations

high replicability

what is a disadvantage of controlled observations

low ecological validity due to it being artificial

what is an advantage of overt observations

no ethical issues

what is an disadvantage of overt observations

demand characteristics

what is an advantage covert observations

high ecological validity

what is a disadvantage of covert observations

no consent ethics

what is an advantage of participant observations

increased insight and external validity

what is a disadvantage of participant observations

researcher bias

what is a disadvantage of non participant observations

less insight and its difficult to remain unobserved

what are the two types of hypothesis

null and experimental

what are the two types of experimental hypothesis

directional and non directional

what are the 4 types of sampling(RVOS)

random volunteer oppurtunity systematic

what questions do we answer when talking about random sampling

who what how

what is a correlation

the extent to which two things are linked

what is a negative correlation

as the value of one co-variable increase the value of the other decreases

what is a positive correlation

as the value of one co-variable increases the other does the same

is their any manipulation involved in correlations

no

are there variables when researching correlation

no there are co-variables

what does a correlation not have that a experiment does

cause and effect

what are correlations looking for

a relationship

what is a correlation usually displayed on

scattergraph

what is the quantitative measure of correlation

correlation coefficient

what correlation does a -1 coefficient represent

negative

what correlation does a 1 represent

positive

at which number is a correlation coefficient considered significant

0.8

why cant we establish cause and effect in correlation analysis

there is no manipulation of variables

what are the 3 types of experimental design

independent repeated measure matched pairs

explain the independent design

different groups doing each condition

explain the repeated measures design

one group doing all conditons

explain the matched pairs design

different groups in each condition but they are matched on key factors like intelligence

what is a advantage of the IGD

reduced demand characteristics

what is a disadvantage of IGD

individual differneces impact results

what is an advantage rmd

individual differences controlled

what is a disadvantage of RMD

order effects

advantages of MPD

low demand characteristics

what is a disadvantage if MPD

time consuming and expensive process

what are the 4 principles of ethics

be respectful responsible truthful and competent

why did ethics become so important in psychology

mengeles forceful study of kidnapped twins in concentration camps

how do we deal with ethical issues (5)

anonymity debreif presumptive prior genersl and retrospective consent

what are the two types of hypothesis

null and experimental

what are the two types of experimental hypothesis

directional and non directional

what are the 4 types of sampling(RVOS)

random volunteer oppurtunity systematic

what questions do we answer when talking about random sampling

who what how

what are the 3 types of experimental design

independent repeated measure matched pairs