Maos China

What were GMD weaknesses

What were GMD weaknesses

-Failure to improve conditions in factories
-Did little to support women
-Did not allow land reform
-Was corrupt

what were the CCP strengths

-Controlled the north
-Support of peasants
-Support of the USSR
-experience in guerilla warfare

How many troops had the GMD lost by 1948?

one third

How many troops joined the PLA by 1948??

1.6 million

What were some of the reasons for the CCP's victory?

-leadership
-military factors
-economic factors
-peasant support
-urban unrest

Why did Mao want to intimidate his opponents 1951-52??

-the Korean was in 1950 led to fears of invasion
-to eliminate GMD supporters
-resistance to land reform killed 3,000 CCP officials

Who did urban terror focus on?

intellectuals, property owners and GMD gov officials

What did urban terror consist of?

-Humiliating public confessions
-executions

What percentage of the urban population was targeted in 1951?

2%

Who did rural terror target?

Religious local leaders and landlords

What did rural terror consist of?

-wealthier peasants being expelled
-landlords being beaten, expelled and killed
-landlords being put on trial
-landlords being fined and having their possessions taken

How many landlords were executed?

1 million

How much of China's land was redistributed to peasants?

40%

What did sanfan challenge?

-waste
-corruption
-inefficiency

How many members of the CCP were arrested during sanfan?

200,000

How long did sanfan last?

1 month

When was wufan launched?

January 1952

What did Wufan target?

-bribery
-tax evasion
-fraud
-theft of government property
-theft of government secrets

How many companies were put on trial for Wufan?

450,000

How many companies were sent to Laogi?

1%

How many people committed suicide as a result of the anti's campaign?

200,000

What were domestic causes for the hundred flowers campaign?

-fear of losing touch with workers
-fear of becoming a privileged elite
-inefficient development

When did the strikes happen

1956

What were the international causes for the hundred flowers campaign?

-1956's secret speech welcomes a new age of communism
-unrest in Poland and Hungary due to losing touch

Who expresses criticism in December 1956?

Scientists and technicians

Who expresses criticism in January 1957?

Radical writers

Which author wrote a story about lazy PLA officials?

Liu Pin-yan

Who expresses criticisms in March to June 1957?

University students

When was the anti-rightist campaign?

July 1957

How many people were sent to Laogi camps in the anti rightist campaign?

300,000 to 500,000

How many top officials were demoted/sacked during the anti rightist campaign?

5%-10%

What were the consequences of the purge?

-strengthens Maos position
-control over party
-intellectuals fear criticism

When were changed in agriculture introduced?

1949-1957

What percent of the north worked on their own land in 1949?

85-90%

How did the CCP try to end landlordism in 1949-50

-Agrarian reform 1950
-struggle meetings
-terror

How much land had been redistributed between 1950-52?

40%

How many peasants benefited from land redistribution?

60%

How many hectares did a peasant have in 1950 vs 1952?

0.4 vs 0.8

How much land did landlords have in 1950 vs 1952?

8.0 vs 1.5

When were MATs introduced?

December 1951

How big were MATs?

5-10 households

When were APC's established

1953-54

When did the government ration grain?

August 1955

When were advanced APCs introduced?

1955-56

How many households were in an advanced APC

150-200

When were the communes introduced?

August 1958

How many communes were there in 4 months?

26,000

Why were communes introduced?

-to increase agricultural production
-to avoid losing momentum
-maos belief peasants should rule the land

What were features of the communes?

-organised childcare
-free food in canteens
-12-18 hour working day
-militias
-steel backyard furnaces

What were features of lysenkoism

-expose seeds to cold and damp conditions
-plant seeds deep underground
-plant seeds close

How many seeds were wasted as a result of lysenkoism?

90%

What did the 4 pests try to eradicate?

-flies
-rats
-mosquitos
-sparrows

When did sparrowcide occur?

1957

What were the causes of the famine?

-bad weather
-bad policies
-communes
-central government

What are examples of bad weather during the famine?

Droughts between 1959-60
Heavy rain in 1959

What are examples of bad policies?

Lysenkoism and Four pests

What are examples of central government?

Nobody criticising, anti rightist purge, utopian policies, grain exportation

When was the great famine?

1958-62

Who takes over in 1960?

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

What emergency policies are introduced between July-Nov 1960

-sending people to work
-18% of farms being decollectivised
-peasants trading spare food
-prisoners making farm tools
-fertiliser and tools sent to countryside

How were communes reformed?

-prioritise food
-reduced to 1,600 households
-production organised
-pay and benefits
-canteens phased out

How did grain production grow from 1961-66

from 147.5 to 214 million tons

When was the Five Year Plan?

1953-57

What were reasons for a five year plan?

-success of soviets
-the korean war had exposed the vulnerability of the reigime
-making use of resources efficiently
-womens labour
-would allow for soviet aid as agreed in 1950

What was emphasised in the five year plan?

iron, steel, coal, oil

What were the successes of the five year plan?

-oil grew at 16% per year
-urban population grows by 4 million
-6000 km of railway built
-1 million bikes made
-abolition of private industry

What were failures of the five year plan?

-failure with oil production
-fails for more complicated goods
-light industry fails to grow
-rural living standards don't grow

When was the second five year plan?

1958-62

What were the reasons for the second five year plan?

-uneven economic growth
-tense relationship with ussr
-mao having authority

What were the successes of the Great Leap forward?

-90 million peasants making steel
-workforce of factories doubles 1957-60
-half the steel output done by small furnaces

What were the failures of the great leap forward?

-heavy industry drops by 55%
-light industry drops by 30%
-25,000 state enterprises lost
-8.5 million urban workers lose jobs
-

When did economic reform happen?

1962-65

What were reasons for reform?

-Maos withdrawal in 1960
-pragmatic approaches vs utopian one's
-decline in popular support
-restoring control

What were features of the economic reform?

-calling in expertise
-giving bonuses
-industrial reform

What was introduced in 1964

Dwarf rice, which produced 1/3rd more rice

What were consequences of reform?

-economy stabilises and grows at 11% per year
-50% drop in workforce
-rise in inequality with urban and rural population

What were two motives for the cultural revolution?

-Mao wanted to regain control of the CCP
-Mao believed china had lost its revolutionary spirit

What initiatives did Mao try to launch?

-stopping private farming
-reforming schools
-investments in healthcare
-allow peasants to challenge the CCP
-begin reform to stamp traditional idea

Who is Lin Biao

-Maos most influential ally
-introduces the little red book

Who is Jiang Qing?

Jiang Qing was the wife of Mao Zedong. Also an actress and a major political figure during the cultural revolution.

When was the socialist education movement?

1963

When was the campaign against capitalist culture?

1965

When were the 23 articles published?

January 1965

What happens in May 1966?

Students organise themselves into Red Guards

What does the CCP august 1966?

Publish the 16 articles, giving the right to overthrow capitalist roaders

Who was attacked during the cultural revolution?

-people with western clothes or haircuts
-pet owners
-intellectuals

How many people were killed during the cultural revolution??

1-2million

What percentage of the urban population was targeted during the cultural revolution 1966-68?

50%

What was the Blue Sky Clothes store renamed to?

Defend Mao Zedong clothes store

What problems were being faced in early 1967?

-CCP officials being attacked
-fighting in countryside
-fighting in cities
-Red Gaurds go into factions which fight one another

When was the Shanghai commune established?

January 1967

What was the slogan for the Shanghai commune?

'Do with all the heads'

What does Mao try to do to take control from the Shanghai commune?

He forms the revolutionary committee

How does Mao try to disband the red guard in late 1967?

He reopens universities, hoping they would return to study. This failed.

How does Mao try to break up the red guard mid 1968?

By force- he sends propaganda teams backed by the PLA into universities to break up the red guard

What was the name of the final campaign that ended the red guard? What did it entail?

'Up to the Mountains and down the the Villages', Mao sent 17 million students to be exiled into the countryside, many of whom never returned to finish their studies.

How does Mao get rid of Lin Biao?

-uses Zhou Enlai to revive the CCP, undermining Lins power
-Lin dies mysteriously in a plane crash

What were the political effects of the cultural revolution?

-Liu and Deng purged
-creation of Shanghai commune
-Lin Biao being appointed
-Liu's expulsion in 1968
-CCP officials arrested
-Party members sent off
-Lin Biao killed

What were social effects of the cultural revolution?

-400,000 killed
-education disrupted
-technicians and experts killed
-5 years of compulsory education enforced
-more educational opportunities for peasants
-literacy rises

What were economic effects of the cultural revolution?

-decline in industrial output, drops by 13%
-short term unemployment
-abolition of bonuses in factories
-2/3 private farms made communes
-3% increase in rural economy