AP Biology Review

AP Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Ratio: 1:2:1

Carbohydrates are composed of

C, H, & O

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Examples of Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides

Bond of Disaccharides

Glycosidic Linkage

Examples of Disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Cellulose

Found in plant cell walls

Chitin

Found in fungi cell walls & exoskeleton of arthropods

Starch

Found in plants

Glycogen

Found in animals

Proteins are composed of

C, H, O, N, & S

Monomer of Proteins

Amino Acid

Bond of Proteins

Peptide bond (between carboxyl & amino groups)

Primary Structure of Proteins

String of amino acids

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Hydrogen bonds between backbone

Structure of Secondary Proteins

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Hydrogen, covalent, ionic between R groups

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

ANY (hydrogen, covalent, ionic, …) between R groups of different polypeptides

Lipids are composed of

C, H, O, & P (in phospholipids)

Monomer of Lipids

N/A

NONPOLAR

All of the lipids

Fats

Three fatty acids and glycerol

Phospholipids

Two fatty acid, glycerol, and phosphate

Steroids

Four fused rings

Nucleic Acids are composed of

C, H, O, N, & P

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

Linkage of Nucleic Acids

Phosphodiester linkage (between phosphate and hydroxyl)

Purine (Double Ring)

Adenine & Guanine

Pyrimidine (Single Ring)

Cytosine, Uracil, & Thymine

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

A, T, C, G

Nitrogenous Bases of RNA

A, U, C, G

Sugar of DNA

Deoxyribose

Sugar of RNA

Ribose

Strandedness of DNA

Double

Strandedness of RNA

Single

Nucleus

Stores genetic information (DNA)

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Golgi Complex

Folding and chemical modification of synthesized proteins

Mitochondria

Site of oxidative phosphorylation

Lysosome

Intracellular digestion

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Simple Diffusion

Passive Transport, No NRG, Down concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive Transport, No NRG, Down concentration gradient

Active Transport

Requires input of NRG, Against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Import of materials

Exocytosis

Export of materials

Exergonic Reaction

Reaction is spontaneous, RELEASE energy

Endergonic Reaction

Reaction is not spontaneous, ABSORB energy

Gibbs Free Energy

Energy available to do work

Enzymes

Biological catalyst

Competitive Inhibitors

Binds to active site

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Binds to allosteric site

Starting Material of Light Reactions

Water (electrons) and photons (energy)

Products of Light Reactions

ATP & NADPH

Starting Material of Calvin Cycle

3 CO2, 9 ATP, and 6 NADPH

Products of Calvin Cycle

G3P

Starting Material of Glycolysis

Glucose

Products of Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

Starting Material of Krebs Cycle

Acetyl CoA

Products of Krebs Cycle

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

Starting Material of Oxidative Phosphorylation

NADH/FADH2 (electrons)

Products of Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP

Mitosis Ploidy

Diploid

Meiosis Ploidy

Haploid

Steroid Hormone - Release

Simple Diffusion

Protein Hormone - Release

Exocytosis

Steroid Hormone - Receptor

Intracellular

Protein Hormone - Receptor

Extracellular

Complete Dominance

Homozygous dominant and heterozygous look the same

Codominance

Heterozygous shows both dominant traits in organism

Incomplete Dominance

shows a mix of both parental phenotypes in a trait

Autosomal Inheritance

Located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome)

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Located on a sex chromosome

Maternal Inheritance

Located on the DNA found in a mitochondrial or chloroplast

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Polypeptide

Eukaryotes - Structure DNA

Multiple linear

Prokaryotes - Structure DNA

Single circular

Helicase

Unwinds the DNA strands

Topoisomerase

Relaxes supercoiling in front of the replication fork

Primase

Synthesizes the RNA primer

DNA polymerase

Synthesizes new strands of DNA continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand

Ligase

Joins the fragments on the lagging strand

Promoter

Site where RNA polymerase binds

RNA polymerase

Synthesizes mRNA molecules in the 5' to 3' direction by reading the template DNA strand in the 3' to 5' direction

Transcription Factors

Activators/inhibitors to turn on/off gene expression

5' Guanine Cap function

Signals the "start" of the mRNA transcript for ribosome to bind

Poly-A tail function

Inhibits degradation from hydrolytic enzymes

Splicing

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA transcript

Initiation

Start codon (AUG)

Elongation

Base pair between tRNA/mRNA with amino acid added

Termination

Stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA)

Silent Point Mutation

No change in amino acid

Missense Point Mutation

changes one letter in the three letter code for amino acid

Nonsense Point Mutation

Change from AA to STOP codon

Frameshift Point Mutation

Insertion/deletion of 1 or 2 nucleotide base pairs shifts the reading frame for codons

Artificial Selection

Organisms with certain traits are bred until population has that trait

Natural Selection

Organisms with more favorable trait, more likely to survive and produce more offspring to pass on their traits to next generation

Disruptive Selection

Selection for the two extreme phenotypes

Stabilizing Selection

Selection for the intermediate phenotype