Foreign Policy

Mary had two main aims within her reign - which…

she achieved

what were Mary’s aims?

• to restore England to papal supremacy & bring England back under the control of the People & the Catholic church

• Marry Phillip

Mary’s proposed marriage to Phillip led to…

unhappiness among much of the population which led to Wyatt’s rebellion. Rebels were defeated

when was Wyatt’s rebellion?

January 1554

what was the effect on Mary’s marriage with the Pope

Pope Paul IV was fiercely anti-Spanish. This meant that Mary risked coming into conflict with the Pope because of her marriage with Philip.

what did Mary do in 1555

Mary wanted peace & successfully mediated between Philip I & Henry II. This led to the Treaty of Vaucelles

when was the Treaty of Vaucelles

Feb 1556

what was the Treaty of Vaucelles

a peace treaty between Spain & France

what did Phillip do in September 1556

Phillip broke the Treaty of Vaucelles & attacked  Pope Paul IV. The Pope was allied to the French which meant the French king Henry II retaliated & attacked Spain.

what was the effect on England when Phillip broke the Treaty of Vaucelles

pressure on England to join the war against France on Spain’s side

What happened April 1557

Thomas Stafford (a Protestant exiled in France) used French weapons to attempt to invade England. When he landed in Scarborough he was arrested within three days.

When did Thomas Stafford attempt to invade England

April 1557

when did Phillip break the Treaty of Vaucelles

September 1556

when did England declare war on France

June 1557

what did England do June 1557

declare war on France

why did England join the war against France

Stafford’s attempted invasion

In June 1557 Mary sent…

reinforcements to the Scottish garrisons & 7000 troops to help the Spanish

how was England successful in war against France

War with Spain started well. Phillip, with limited English help, defeated the French at the Battle of St Quentin in 1557 & the English defeated a small Scottish invasion

what did the French do in 1558

Facing defeat by the Spanish, the French sought an easy target & attacked Calais (the last stronghold of England in France). The French captured the city & all of its land in less than 3 weeks. 

why did the FRench attak Calais

faced defeat by the Spanish & wanted a eary target

what was the English response to the loss of Calais

the English raised an army of 7000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack the French city of Brest. This failed & only succeeded in capturing the minor settlement of Le Conquet.

Phillip’s lack of funds and success in 1557 made him…

seek peace with France

how did the Spanish French conflict end?

negotiations began in 1558 and finished in 1559 with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Phillip did not attempt to…after the war had ended

recover Calais from England

what was the significance of the loss of Calais?

short-term symbolically significant, practically in the long-term not that big of a deal

what was the economic significance of the loss of Calais

The loss of Calais  meant the trade leaving Europe no longer went through English hands. This had a big impact on crown finances. However, the amount of trade through Calais had been declining for a long time.

what was the significance of the loss of Calais in terms of image

The loss of Calais was seen as a final surrender and a humiliating abandonment of English sovereignty. This was used by Protestant propagandists to argue that alliances with Spain and Catholicism were to blame.

what was the significance of the loss of Calais as a territory

Calais was significant because it was the last piece of English land in France, however, in reality it had little importance, and it was only a matter of time before the French retook it.

what was the significance of the loss of Calais militarily

Calais had been a useful springboard for English attacks into France (e.g. H8s). However it was difficult and expensive to maintain a garrison to defend another frontier.

what was the significance of the loss of Calais diplomatically

The loss of Calais is a symbol of the failed alliance between England and Spain and a betrayal by Mary of England’s interests. Philip abandoned England in his negotiations, however this was made easier because it was after Mary’s death.