chapter 17

active immunization

weak/ killed pathogen for antibody/ T-cell production

Passive immunization and what are antitoxins

(ex: breastfeeding) immunoglobulin/ antibodies are directly injected (antitoxins are the antibodies)

an effective vacciene

stimulates B/ T cells + memory, not many boosters, long shelf life

a measurement of how much antibody in serum will recognize a particular epitope and how tightly the antibodies bind to that epitope (a blood test that measures the concentration of specific antibodies in your blood to verify immunity)

antibody titer

heard immunity is relatively _/_ % of a population and only works for ______ diseases

3/4, contagious

branch of immunology that reveals the contents of a seurm, its: ____ and ____

serology, antibodies/ antigens

how selective an antibody is towards an antigen

specificity

how many antigens// antibodies must be positive to make a positive test

sensitivity

_________: makes a complex of antibodies and antigen and can be used to identify some pathogens, measures ____ _____ _____

immunoprecipitation, small soluble antigens

assays that measures ____ ____ insoluble antigens, can check for blood type using ___ specific to that thing

agglutination, whole cell, IgM

antigen to antibody interaction detected via enzyme

_____ _____ uses patient antigen to quantify specific antigens in a patient

direct ELIA

_____ _____ uses patient antibodies to detect antibodies in patient

indirect ELIA

______ immunofluorescence microscopy uses patient ______

direct, tissue

______ immunofluorescence microscopy uses patient ______

indirect, antibody

what encompasses type I hypersensitivity

can range from allergies to anaphylaxis

what are the two stages of type I hypersensitivity

sensitization (IgE bodies bind to mast cells [no symptoms]), degranulation (mast cells degranulate [burst open] releasing symptom causing chemicals)

the two _____ _____ chemicals released during degranulation (stage two of type I hypersensitivity) are

mast cell, histamine (vasodilation, hives) / prostaglandins (makes worse)

this image describes ____ _ _________

type I hypersensitivity

type __ ________ are ____ type incompatibilities due to ___ antibodies

II hypersensitivity, blood, IgG

in Type ___ hypersensitivities an immune _______ binds to the cell ___ which triggers compliment and ________ are called in causing inflammation

III complex wall neutrophils

Type _ hypersensitivity is the only… (stages)

T cell mediated hypersensitivity meaning it is delayed, there are two stages sensitization (antigen processing and presentation by dendritic cells) and secondary exposure

Type ___ hypersensitivity has two possible routes:

Helper T cells call in neutrophils/ macrophages by releasing cytokines which travel to the site of infection and damage the tissues or Cytotoxic T cells recognize allergen altered epithelial cells bc of MHC1 and kill the infected cells

primary immunodeficiencies

childhood (1-2000 babies)

secondary immunodeficiencies

acquired at any age from HIV or immunosuppressant drugs or radiation therapy

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are _ ____ immunodeficiencies that:

T cell, mutations in any one of 12 genes, by 6 mo/old infants have infections

DiGeorge Syndrome is a _ ____ immunodeficiency that:

T cell, Poorly developed or absent thymus, hypoparathyroidism, facial deformities and heart disorders/ infections

MHC __ deficiency is a _ ____ immunodeficiency that:

II, T cell, helper T cells only recognize antigens presented by MHC II making them vulnerable to infections which happens because of mutations in the genes encoding MHC II regulators

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (_____ Disease) is a _ ____ immunodeficiency that:

Brutons, B cell, effects men where no B cells are made so no antibodies are made and reucrrent infections w/ encapsulated bacteria

Hyper ___ syndrome is a _ ____ immunodeficiency that:

IgM, B cell, CD40 ligand is mutated meaning B cells cant class switch making only IgM leading to recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections

Selective ___ deficiency is a _ ____ immunodeficiency where:

IgA, B cell, patients lack IgA leading to mucosal infections

process by which your body detects and eliminates cancer cells

Immune surveillance

solid mass in lymphoid organ

Lymphoma

malignant lymphoid cells found in circulation or bone marrow

Leukemia

malignant plasma cell growth at a single site

Plasmacytoma

malignant plasma cells at multiple sites, often bone

Multiple myeloma

How is Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma distinguished from Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

It lacks Reed-Sternberg cells

How do B-cell neoplasms generally arise?

They arise when genes regulating cell proliferation or cell death are moved (translocated).

What is the genetic mechanism and viral association behind Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

The cell proliferation gene cMYC is moved next to an antibody gene the associated virus is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

What is the genetic mechanism of Follicular Lymphoma?

The BCL2 gene (which prevents apoptosis) is moved near immunoglobulin (IG) gene promoters.

What are the key defining features of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, moves to many lymph node groups, associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

any kind of Lymphoma is a…

B-cell neoplasm

ability to recognize self antigens and foreign antigens

Self tolerance

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by

butterfly rash on face, Type III hypersensitivity, Complexes deposit in tissues/organs triggering inflammation

Grave’s Disease

an autoimmune disease where autoantibodies bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor causing hyperthyroidism

Hashimoto’s Disease

Autoantibodies bind and damage the thyroid causing hypothyroidism

Type I Diabetes

Type IV hypersensitivity where T cells attack the islet cells of the pancreas

Rheumatoid Arthritis

antibodies form immune complexes with connective tissue in joints and cause inflammation