Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

glands, target organs, functions, and diseases

• TRH / thyrotropin releasing hormone

• CRH / corticotropin releasing hormone

• GnRH / gonadotropin releasing hormone

• GHRH / growth hormone releasing hormone

• PIH / prolactin inhibiting hormone

• somatostatin

• OT / oxytocin

• ADH / antidiuretic hormone

Which hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin, the anterior pituitary

what does TRH do and what is its target?

causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone, the anterior pituitary

what does CRH do and what is its target?

causes the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH), the anterior pituitary

what does GnRH do and what is its target?

causes the release of growth hormone, the anterior pituitary

what does GHRH do and what is its target?

stops release of prolactin, the anterior pituitary

what does PIH do and what is its target?

stops release of GH and TSH, the anterior pituitary

what does somatostatin do and what is its target?

ADH and OT

which hypothalamic hormones are also posterior pituitary hormones?

supraoptic nuclei

which nuclei makes ADH?

paraventricular nuclei

which nuclei makes OT?

stimulates water retention, the kidneys

what does ADH do and what is its target?

stimulates labor contractions, milk production and emotional bonding. the uterus, mammary glands, and brain

what does OT do and what is its target?

• TSH / thyroid stimulating hormone

• ACTH / adrenocorticotropic hormone

• FSH / follicle sitmulating hormone

• LH / leutinizing hormone

• GH / growth hormone

• PRL / prolactin

what are the anterior pituitary hormones?

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone, the thyroid

what does TSH do and what is its target?

secrete glucocorticoids, the adrenal cortex

what does ACTH do and what is its target?

in men: sperm production, testes

in women: development of ovarian follicles, ovaries

what does FSH do and what is its target?

in men: causes testosterone secretion, testes

in women: causes ovulation, ovaries

what does LH do and what is its target?

synthesizes milk, mammary glands

what does PRL do and what is its target?

stimulates mitosis and cell differentiation, targets are systemic

what does GH do and what is its target?

melatonin: impacts circadian rhythm, promotes sleep, antioxidant and anticancer properties; the brain

what hormone is released by the pineal gland? what are its functions and target?

T3 and T4 (follicular cells), calcitonin (C cells, parafollicular cells)

which hormones are released by the thyroid?

increases metabolic rate, O² consumption, heat production, appetite, GH secretion, alertness, reflex speed; their target organs are systemic

what do the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) do and what are their targets?

lowers blood calcium levels; bones

what does calcitonin (C cells) do and what is target?

thymosins: immune defense; immune cells and lymphatic organs

what hormone is made and released by the thymus? what is its function and targets?

parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases blood calcium levels; bones and digestive system

what hormone is made and released by the parathyroid gland? what is its function and targets?

catecholamines: norepinephrine and epinephrine; fight or flight response; their target organs are systemic

what hormone is made and released by the adrenal medulla? what is its function and targets?

• mineralocorticoids

• glucocorticoids

• androgens and estradiol (s. steroids)

which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

zona reticularis

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces androgens and estradiol?

zona fasciculata

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids?

zona glomerulosa

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids?

retain sodium and water resulting in maintained blood volume and pressure; the kidneys

what does aldosterone do and what is its target?

adapt to stress, stimulate fat and protein metabolism, repair damaged tissues, anti-inflammatory effect; systemic

what does cortisol do and what is its target?

stimulates pubic and axillary hair growth, gland development, and libido; the reproductive organs

what do androgens and estradiol do and what is their target?

insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

what hormones are produced by the pancreas?

decrease blood glucose levels after we eat, stimulates cells to absorb glucose; liver, adipose tissue (can also be systemic)

what does insulin do and what is its target?

increases blood glucose between meals; liver and adipose tissue

what does glucagon do and what is its target?

androgens (testosterone) and inhibin

what hormones are produced in the testes?

sperm production; the reproductive organs

what does testosterone do and what is its target?

inhibits FSH in both sexes; anterior pituitary

what does inhibin do and what is its target?

estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin

what hormones are produced in the ovaries?

development of reproductive system and regulate menstrual cycle/pregnancy; the reproductive organs

what does estrogen and progesterone do and what is its target?

hyposecretion of ADH

what is diabetes insipidus?

hypersecretion of GH that occurs in adulthood

what is acromelagy?

hypersecretion of GH that occurs during childhood

what is gigantism?

hyposecretion of GH that occurs during childhood

what is dwarfism?

hypersecretion of T3 and T4 due to autoantibodies

what is toxic goiter?

Graves’ disease

what is toxic goiter also known as?

hyposecretion of T3 and T4 from birth

what is congenital hypothyroidism?

severe/prolonged adult hypothyroidism

what is myxedema?

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones due to lack of iodine

what is endemic goiter?

low PTH secretion; decline in blood Ca⁺² levels; fatal tetany within days; usually due to parathyroid removal

what is hypoaparathyroidism?

excess PTH secretion; Ca⁺² and phosphate blood levels increase; bones become soft, fragile, and deformed; usually due to a tumor

what is hyperparathyroidism?

hypersecretion of catecholamines

what is pheochromocytoma?

hypersecretion of cortisol/glucocorticoids

what is Cushing’s syndrome?

hypersecretion of androgens that can occur with Cushing’s syndrome

what is andrenogenital syndrome (AGS)

hyposecretion of insulin

what is diabetes mellitus?

autoimmune; insulin levels are very low

what is diabetes mellitus type 1?

insulin resistance of target cells

what is diabetes mellitus type 2?

hyposecretion of insulin during pregnancy

what is gestational diabetes mellitus?