GCSE History- Paper 1 Inter-War (1930 to 1939)

How did the Manchuria crisis (1931) start?

an explosion occurred on the south Manchurian railway (owned by the Japanese), Chinese were blamed but claimed they were sleeping and denied. Japan invade Manchuria anyways as they claimed the Chinese attacked them

What happened to China in he Manchuria crisis (1931)?

The Chinese were defeated and the league did nothing to help them

why did Japan invade Manchuria?

They fced economic hardships due to effects of great depression and poor trade with the USA, they needed more natural resources to expand empire.

What was the Mukden Incident (1931)?

An explosion on the South Manchurian Railway most probably committed by the Japanese soldiers stationed there but blamed on the Chinese; which caused the Manchurian crisis

Which railway was involved in the Manchurian crisis?

South Manchurian railway, owned by the Japanese

What did Japan rename Manchuria to?

Manchukuo, the Japanese name of Manchuria

How did the Legaue respond to the Manchuria crisis?

they ordered a report, but it was too slow and was completed in a year

Lytton report

the report written by the League of Nations blaming Japan for invading China and ordering the to leave.

How did Japan respond to the Lytton report?

they ignored it and continued their expansion of their empire further into China and later left the League in 1933

When did Japan leave the League of Nations?

1933, after the invasion of Manchuria

Who was Halie Selassie?

The emperor of Abyssinia

'new Roman empire'

Mussolini's expansion of his empire

Hoare-Laval Pact (1935)

secret pact negotiated by Britain and France to give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia

When did the Italians invade Abyssinia?

In October 1935 Italian troops marched from Italian Somaliland into Abyssinia

What did the League do about the Abyssinian crisis?

Emperor Halie Selassie appealed to the League, but the league only morally condemns the Italians and Mussolini ignores. They then place sanctions on Italy but they didn't include sanctions on oil, steel and coal. Britain and France secretly offer Italy the Hoare-Laval pact but they refuse

When does Italy complete the invasion of Abyssinia?

1936

When does Italy leave the League of Nations?

1937

Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?

for its fertile lands and mineral wealth, as well as building the 'new roman empire' and revenge for the failed attempt to invade in 1896, as well as distract Italians from effects of great depression

What did Britain do to help Italy invade Abyssinia?

they opened the Suez canal, the link between the mediteranian into the red sea, allowing Italy to invade Abyssinia, as they did not want another war, nor problems with Mussolini

Why did Mussolini think it would be easy to invade Abyssinia?

He saw the lack of action taken on the Manchurian crisis in 1931 and Corfu in 1923 and thought the Abyssinians were poorly equiped

Why could Italy still trade with the US?

The US was not in the League, therefore sanctions did not apply.

where are there german speakers outside germany?

Austria, Sudetenland

How many german speakers live in the sudetenland?

3.5 million

anschluss

union of austria and germany

lebensraum

living space, expansion to the east of germany

sudetenland

area in Czechoslovakia with 3.5m german speakers

Dolfuss

chancellor of Austria in 1933, killed by Austrian nazis

When did Hitler leave the league of nations?

1933

when was the dolfuss affair?

1934

what was the dolfuss affair?

Hitler ordering Austrian nazis to murder dolfuss, who opposed the nazis. Mussolini asks Hitler to discourage violence in Austria and threatens to move troops to Austrian border if anschluss happened

when was the Saar plebiscite?

Janurary 1935

what was the Saar plebiscite?

90% of the Sarr population voting for return to Germany after being a league of nations mandate for 15 years.

What did the Saar territory contain?

coalfields and industrial land

When did Hitler begin rearmament?

1935

What was Hitler's rearmament plan?

draft unemployed to army, airforce announced, conscription for 750,000 men

What was the anglo-german naval agreement?

allow Germany to build 35% of Britains battleships and 45% of Britains submarines, breaking the treaty of Versailles

when was the Stresa front signed?

1935

what was the Stresa front?

an agreement between Britain,France and Italy agree to the Locarno treaty and stop Hitler from breaking the treaty of Versailles. Britain signed the Anglo-German naval agreement 10 weeks later.

When did Hitler march into the Rhineland?

7th March 1936

How did Britain and France respond to Hitler marching into the Rhineland?

they did not respond due to their economic problems, distraction from the Abyssinian crisis, and the Rhineland in German territory.

How many troops did Hitler march into the Rhineland?

22,000 troops on foot, bikes and planes.

Consequences of the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936

militarisation. of other countries due to fear of invasion, Gives Hitler confidence, increased international tension due to breaking of treaty of Versailles, Boosts Hitler's popularity, undermines league of nations further

Why did Hitler invade Austria?

Hitler was born there, Nazi presence already there, German speakers, geographical, lebensraum, test to see reaction of Britain and France

Schuschnigg

Austrian chancellor in 1934, replaces Dolfuss, organises a plebiscite but Hitler forces him to resign before it took place.

When did the Nazis invade Austria and perform Anschluss?

March 1938

When did Hitler organise his own plebiscite in Austria?

10th April 1938

What was the result of the plebiscite in Austria?

99% agreed to anschluss, rigged vote

appeasement

British and French policy of giving in to Hitler's demands, starts in 1935

What was the Munich agreement?

agreement to give Hitler the sudetenland and also for him to not have any more territorial demands.

Who signed he Munich agreement?

Chamberlain (Britain), Daladier (france), Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler (german)

who wasn't at the Munich conference?

Benes (czechoslovakia)

When was the munich conference?

September 1938

what was the Treaty of Friendship

treaty signed by Mussolini and Hitler to work together and make Rome and Berlin the 'axis of europe'

when was the treaty of friendship signed?

November 1936

What was the Anti-comintern pact?

agreement signed by Japan, Italy and Germany to become allies due to fear of the Soviets

When was the anti-comintern pact signed?

November 1936

What did Hitler and Mussolini both do in 1937?

provide weapons to Franco, the spainish fascists

When does Hitler invade the rest of Czechoslovakia?

15th March 1939

When does Chamberlain threaten Hitler with war if he invades any more territories?

31st March 1939

Facing a war on two fronts

Germany fighting the British and French to the west and the Soviets to the east

What was the Nazi-soviet pact?

a non-aggression pact agreeing to no war for 10 years, also some trade deals and a secret pact

When was the Nazi-Soviet pact signed?

August 1939

What were the secret terms of the Nazi-soviet pact?

They agree to invade and split Poland between them

What was the Nazi-soviet pact also known as?

Molotov-Ribbontrop pact, named after the politicians who signed it

When did Hitler invade Poland?

September 1939

What happened after Hitler invaded Poland?

Britain and France declared war on Germany

why did WW2 break out?

Hitler was to blame, Appeasement, Nazi-Soviet pact, Failure of the League of Nations, The depression, the treaty of Versailles

what percentage of land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

13%

what percentage of population did Germany lose in the treaty of Versailles?

10%

What land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

Polish corridor, Alsace-Lorraine, Saar, Rhineland (demilitarised)