Animal Biology Review

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts in animal biology, including classification, characteristics, structures, symmetry, and reproduction.

Kingdom Animalia

Includes flatworms, centipedes, spiders, reptiles, mammals, birds, insects, arthropods, crustaceans, annelids, mollusks, protostomes, roundworms, pseudo coelomates, sponges, acelomates, vertebrates, chordates, deuterostomes, tunicates, coelomates, ancestral Protista, radiates, cnidarians, amphibians, fish, and echinoderms.

Animalia Characteristics

All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, able to move (at some point in life cycle), have an outer cell membrane (no cell wall), and mostly reproduce sexually (but some asexually).

Animal Cell Structures

Include mitochondrion, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, microtubules, lysosomes, centriole, nucleus, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope, and Golgi complex.

Cell Organization

Cells organize into tissues, which form organs, which comprise organ systems, ultimately creating an organism.

Vertebrates

Animals with an internal framework of support.

Invertebrates

Animals lacking an internal framework of support

Exoskeletons

Tough outer coverings that provide protection and prevent water loss but must be shed as the animal grows; found in invertebrates (except echinoderms).

Endoskeletons

Internal framework of support found in vertebrates; material varies (calcium carbonate in echinoderms, cartilage in sharks, bone in mammals).

Animal Habitats

Include marine waters, coral reefs, benthic zones, freshwater rivers & streams, lakes & ponds, terrestrial deserts, grasslands, rainforests, and polar caps.

Asexual Animal Reproduction

Includes budding, regeneration, and fragmentation.

Sexual Animal Reproduction

Involves eggs and sperm; some animals are hermaphrodites (e.g., earthworms) and produce both.

Internal Fertilization

Sperm and egg join inside the animal's body.

External Fertilization

Sperm and egg join outside the body, requiring an aquatic environment.

Zygote

A fertilized egg.

Blastula

Fluid filled sphere of cells, a "Hollow bubble”.

Gastrula

A structure where the Cells pinch inward “Double bubble” that happens after the blastula stage.

Endoderm

Forms into the inner cell layer, becoming the digestive organs and digestive tract lining.

Mesoderm

Forms into the middle cell layer, becoming the muscle tissue and various systems.

Ectoderm

Forms into the outer cell layer, becoming the skin.

Asymmetry

Body cannot be divided evenly across a central plane or axis (e.g., sponges).

Radial Symmetry

Body can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves (e.g., jellyfish, starfish, anemone); organisms are usually slow-moving.

Bilateral Symmetry

Body can be divided into mirror image halves only along one plane through the central axis.

Anterior

The 'head end' of bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Posterior

The 'tail end' of bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Dorsal

The backside surface of bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Ventral

The belly (underside) surface of bilaterally symmetrical animals.

Porifera

Simple pore-bearing asymmetrical or radially symmetrical animals

Cnidaria

Radially symmetrical Animals with stinging cells

Worms

Bilaterally symmetrical animals that consists of flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms with digestive cavities with one opening.

Mollusca

Bilaterally symmetrical animals with cephalization, a digestive tract with two openings, and a simple diffusion circulatory system.

Echinoderm

Bilaterally symmetrical animals consisting of spiny skin

Arthropoda

Bilaterally Symmetrical organism with jointed appendages

Aves

Vertebrates with feathers and a strong skeleton that have large muscular stomachs.

Amphibia

Vertebrates that start their life cycle under water and move to land and undergo metamorphosis.

Fish

Vertebrates that have gills that they use to breath with.

Reptilia

Tetrapods with three heart chambers and four heart chambers.

Mammalia

Vertebrates with four heart chambers and have hair.