04 AMACE HOA2 | 02 RENA M2 ITALY

Italian Renaissance General Characteristics

Stateliness and classical horizontality under 3 main cities: Florence, Rome, and Venice

Italian Renaissance Plan Features

Symmetrical, compact, rectilinear, formal, and grand

Italian Renaissance Wall Features

Rusticated & astylar (façade without columns); materials include pietra forte for exterior and pietra serena for interior

Astyle / Astylar

Treatment of a façade without columns or pilasters

Pietra Forte

Exterior stone material used in Italian Renaissance architecture

Pietra Serena

Dark-colored interior stone material used in Italian Renaissance architecture

Italian Renaissance Arcade Features

Arches supported on piers faced with columns

Italian Renaissance Roof & Dome Features

Low pitch roofs hidden by balusters; domes with lanterns raised on high drums; coffered ceilings

Italian Renaissance Column Features

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite orders; pilaster strips; marble accent points; orders superimposed in tiers

Italian Renaissance Molding Features

Classical, refined, original, and intricate

Humanism

Governing intellectual principle of Italian Renaissance based on appreciation of physical beauty and concern for human welfare, values, and dignity

Medici Family

Dominant political and cultural family in Renaissance Florence whose patronage turned Florence into a leading European Renaissance center

Dome of Florence Cathedral (1296-1462)

Largest brick dome ever constructed; designed by Filippo Brunelleschi with lantern completed by Michelozzo Michelozzi; double shell of sandstone, marble, and herringbone brick pattern without scaffolding; blends Renaissance dome with Gothic building by Arnolfo di Cambio

Filippo Brunelleschi

Founding father of Renaissance architecture; Florentine architect/designer recognized as first modern engineer; designed Florence Cathedral dome, S. Spirito, Pazzi Chapel, Palazzo Pitti, and Foundling Hospital

Michelozzo Michelozzi

Florentine architect who completed the lantern of Florence Cathedral dome and designed Palazzo Riccardi

Arnolfo di Cambio

Original Gothic architect of the Florence Cathedral building

S. Spirito - Florence

Begun by Filippo Brunelleschi, finished by Antonio Manetti, campanile by Baccio d'Agnolo; façade left unfinished after Brunelleschi's death in 1446

Antonio Manetti

Finished S. Spirito in Florence after Brunelleschi's death

Baccio d'Agnolo

Designed the campanile of S. Spirito in Florence

Pazzi Chapel - Florence

Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; funded in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi (head of Pazzi family, second wealthiest to Medici)

Andrea Pazzi

Head of the wealthy Pazzi family who funded the Pazzi Chapel in 1429

S. Maria Novella - Florence

Façade blind arcading designed by Leon Battista Alberti in 1470; one of the first churches to use flanking scrolls to connect aisles and nave

Leon Battista Alberti

Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer; wrote 'De Re Aedificatoria' (1452); designed S. Maria Novella façade and Palazzo Rucellai

Palazzo Pitti - Florence (1458)

Residence of Luca Pitti in 1458, bought by Medici family in 1549; designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; astylar design and largest palace in Italy except the Vatican

Luca Pitti

Florentine banker who commissioned Palazzo Pitti in 1458

Palazzo Riccardi - Florence

Designed by Michelozzo Michelozzi in astylar design for the Medici family

Palazzo Strozzi - Florence

Begun by Benedetto da Majano and finished by Cronaca; known for its attractive windows

Benedetto da Majano

Begun construction of Palazzo Strozzi in Florence

Cronaca (Simone Pollaiuolo)

Finished construction of Palazzo Strozzi in Florence

Palazzo Rucellai - Florence

Begun by Leon Battista Alberti and finished by Bernardo Rossellino; features external superimposed pilasters and is the first astylar building of the Renaissance

Bernardo Rossellino

Florentine architect and sculptor who finished Palazzo Rucellai

Palazzo Quaratesi - Florence

Designed probably by Filippo Brunelleschi and executed by Giuliano da Majano

Giuliano da Majano

Executed Palazzo Quaratesi in Florence

Foundling Hospital (Ospedale Degli Innocenti) - Florence

Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi; first institution in Europe to care for abandoned babies; features semi-circular arches with composite order columns and tabernacle windows

Palazzo Pandolfini - Florence

One of Raphael Santi's most famous palace designs, executed by Francesco Sangallo

Francesco Sangallo

Executed Raphael's design for Palazzo Pandolfini

Laurentian Library - Florence

Designed by Michelangelo and continued by Giorgio Vasari; built to display Medici intellectualism; houses private Medici collection of manuscripts and books

Medici Chapel's New Sacristy - Florence

Designed by Michelangelo corresponding to Brunelleschi's Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo; finished with pietra serena and light marble

Uffizi - Florence (1560)

Begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici for magistrate offices ('uffizi'); long narrow cortile open to Arno River; opened to public in 1765 housing world's greatest Italian Renaissance art collection

Giorgio Vasari

Begun Uffizi in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici and continued Laurentian Library

Cosimo I de' Medici

Grand Duke of Tuscany who commissioned the Uffizi in 1560

Cortile

Internal courtyard in Italian palaces, such as the long narrow cortile of the Uffizi

Palazzo di Venezia - Rome (1455-1503)

Also known as Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia, attributed to Leon Battista Alberti; built with travertine stones quarried from the Colosseum; medieval exterior with Renaissance interior

Palazzo della Cancelleria - Rome (1486-1498)

Designed by Donato Bramante; first palace in Rome built entirely in full Renaissance style; façade in travertine from the Colosseum

Villa Farnesina - Rome

Built for Agostino Chigi by Baldassare Peruzzi; ground floor lobby features fresco painting by Raphael

Agostino Chigi

Sienese banker who commissioned Villa Farnesina in Rome

Palazzo del Laterano - Rome

Designed by Domenico Fontana; principal residence of popes for ~1000 years until seat transferred to Vatican; now Vatican Historical Museum

Villa Farnese - Rome

Designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

S. Andrea - Rome

Designed by Giacomo da Vignola; first church with an elliptical dome, marking the first step toward Baroque elliptical forms

The Capitol - Rome

Most successful civic work designed by Michelangelo

S. Maria della Pace - Rome (1500-1504)

Designed by Baccio Pontelli; cloister was Donato Bramante's first work in Rome

Baccio Pontelli

Designed S. Maria della Pace in Rome (1500-1504)

Tempietto in S. Pietro - Rome

Designed by Donato Bramante in full Renaissance style resembling a Roman round temple; marks the spot where St. Peter was martyred

Il Gesu Church - Rome

Designed by Giacomo da Vignola with first truly Baroque façade; mother church of Society of Jesus (Jesuits); features 'Triumph of the Name of Jesus' ceiling painting by Giovanni Battista Gaulli

Giovanni Battista Gaulli

Painted 'Triumph of the Name of Jesus' ceiling fresco in Il Gesu Church using trompe-l'oeil technique

Trompe-l'oeil

French term meaning 'deceive the eye'; painting style with realistic imagery creating a 3D effect where figures appear to float out of the frame

St. Peter's Basilica - Rome - History & Capacity

Central church of Roman Catholicism standing on 4th-cent. basilica built by Emperor Constantine over St. Peter's burial; largest worship house in world (50,000-60,000 capacity); rebuilt over 120 years (1506-1626) starting from Pope Julius II's tomb plans

Emperor Constantine the Great

Built original 4th-century Early Christian basilica over St. Peter's burial place

Pope Julius II

Pope whose intention to erect a tomb for himself initiated the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica

St. Peter's Architect 1: Donato Bramante (1506)

Chosen design was a Greek cross plan with a central dome on 4 big piers and a tower at each corner

St. Peter's Architect 2: Giuliano da Sangallo - Fra Giocondo - Raphael Santi

Superseded Bramante; Sangallo & Fra Giocondo died 1515; Raphael proposed a Latin cross plan and died 1520

St. Peter's Architect 3: Baldassare Peruzzi

Reverted to Bramante's Greek cross plan; construction halted due to church arguments; died 1536 without plan built

St. Peter's Architect 4: Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

Proposed short nave with elaborate dome; strengthened Bramante's piers

St. Peter's Architect 5: Michelangelo Buonarroti (1547)

Succeeded at age 72; contributed Greek cross plan, strengthened piers, redesigned chapels/apses, and commenced the 2-shell brick dome (drum/tamburo finished before death in 1564)

Tamburo / Drum

Upright cylindrical wall supporting a dome, completed for St. Peter's Basilica before Michelangelo's death

St. Peter's Dome Dimensions & Features

136.57 m high from floor (tallest dome in world), 41.47 m inside diameter; 2 brick shells with 16 stone ribs

Stefan du Pérac (1569)

Engraver whose 1569 engraving depicted Michelangelo's dome as hemispherical

Sistine Chapel Ceiling (1508-1512)

Fresco ceiling scheme by Michelangelo painted at age 33; features 9 Genesis scenes including Creation of Adam, Creation of Eve, Temptation and Fall, and The Flood

The Last Judgment (1536-1541)

Large altar wall fresco in Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo ~20 years after ceiling

St. Peter's Architect 6: Giacomo della Porta & Domenico Fontana

Completed St. Peter's dome following Michelangelo's model

St. Peter's Architect 7: Giacomo da Vignola

Added the side cupolas to St. Peter's Basilica

St. Peter's Architect 8: Carlo Maderno

Lengthened the nave into a Latin cross plan and added the gigantic façade to St. Peter's Basilica

St. Peter's Architect 9: Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Erected the 650 ft wide piazza surrounded by 284 columns outside St. Peter's Basilica

Palazzo Barberini - Rome

Designed by Carlo Maderno and executed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; now a museum

Palazzo Odescalchi - Rome

Designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; features a giant Corinthian pilastered order embracing upper 2 floors

S. Susanna - Rome

Designed by Carlo Maderno; features a façade with framed niches and devoid of windows; chief early Baroque figure

San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome

First church built in Rome by Constantine (4th cent.); façade designed by Alessandro Galilei in 1735

Alessandro Galilei

Designed the façade of San Giovanni in Laterano in 1735

S. Andrea del Quirinale - Rome

Best known of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's small churches, widely imitated

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Rome

Designed by Francesco Borromini; iconic masterpiece of Baroque architecture

S. Maria Maggiore - Rome

Last notable Baroque architecture of Rome; entrance façade designed by Fernando Fuga

Fernando Fuga

Last notable Baroque architect of Rome who designed the entrance façade of S. Maria Maggiore

Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi) - Rome

Designed by Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci; largest Baroque fountain in Rome

Nicola Salvi

Designed the Trevi Fountain in Rome

Pietro Bracci

Completed the Trevi Fountain in Rome

Palazzo Vendramin - Venice

Designed by Pietro Lombardo; features traceried windows as remnants of medieval past

Pietro Lombardo

Venetian architect and sculptor; designed Palazzo Vendramin and Santa Maria dei Miracoli

Santa Maria dei Miracoli - Venice (1491)

Miniature 'marble church' (white, grey, pink) by Pietro Lombardo and sons Antonio and Tullio; popular Venetian wedding venue preserved in original single-artist design

Antonio & Tullio Lombardo

Sons of Pietro Lombardo who assisted on Santa Maria dei Miracoli; Tullio created perspective reliefs

Scuola Grande di San Marco - Venice

Designed by Martino Lombardo; ground floor features perspective relief panels by Tullio Lombardo

Martino Lombardo

Designed Scuola Grande di San Marco in Venice

S. Giorgio dei Greci - Venice

Graceful small church with mature Renaissance façade in Venice

S. Zaccaria - Venice

Begun by Antonio Gambello and completed by Mauro Codussi; façade shows transition from late Gothic to Renaissance; walls covered with 17th-18th cent. paintings

Antonio Gambello

Begun construction of S. Zaccaria in Venice

Mauro Codussi

Completed S. Zaccaria in Venice

Palazzo Bevilacqua - Verona

Designed by Michel Sanmicheli; features rusticated lower story and elegant piano nobile on upper floor

Piano Nobile

Principal floor of a large house/palace, usually above ground floor, containing main reception and bedrooms

Library of St. Mark (Biblioteca Marciana) - Venice

Most outstanding building designed by Jacopo Sansovino in Venice

Palazzo Grimani - Venice

Considered Michel Sanmicheli's greatest architectural work

Palazzo Corner della Ca' Grande - Venice

Designed by Jacopo Sansovino