APES Chapter 8 & 11 Vocabulary terms

Earth’s age

Earth’s crust - chemical elements

Earth diagram - plate movement

Fossils

Granitic rock, granite

Igneous rock examples

Landfill liner

Loam

Bioaccumulation

the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism

Biomangification

the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

Irrigation

he supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.

Major part of humans’ diet, globally

grains

Meat consumption

the second largest component of the human diet, is usually defined as livestock (beef, veal, pork, and lamb) and poultry (chicken, turkey, and duck) consumed as food. Globally, we produce over 300 kg (660 pounds) of grain per person per year, followed by meat at 43 kg (95 pounds) per person per year, and fish at about 21 kg (46 pounds) per person per year.

U.S. share of global pesticide use

over 1 bil

Undernutrition

when someone isnt getting enough calories in their diet

Overnutrition

food energy intakes exceed energy use and cause excess body fat

Industrial agriculture

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization. Also known as agribusiness.

Agribusiness

—mechanization and standardization—to the production of food.

Energy subsidy

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

Green Revolution

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and that resulted in increased food output

Economoies of scale

The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.

Waterlogging

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.

Salinization

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.

Organic fertilizer

naturally produced fertilizers (cow manure)

Synthetic fertilizer

made from human-made compounds like ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulphate— manmade fertilizer

Inorganic fertilizer

prepared from rock and minerals and formed by physical and chemical processes,

Monocropping

the practice of planting a single crop on an area of land

Insecticide

chemicals used to control insects by killing them or preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive behaviors.

Herbicide

substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds

Pesticide treadmill

a term indicating a situation in which it becomes necessary for a farmer to continue using pesticides regularly because they have become an indispensable part of an agricultural cycle.

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

agricultural meat, dairy, or egg facilities where animals are kept and raised in confinement

Fishery

areas where fish are commercially caught or harvested for human consumption

Fishery collapse

When a harvestable species (usually fish) see their population or harvest rate drop to less than 10% of the original figure.

Bycatch

the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species. Animals that are discarded often die and cannot reproduce, impacting marine ecosystems.

Shifting agriculture

An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.

Desertification

The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use.

Nomadic grazing

The feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances.

Sustainable agriculture

Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer.

Intercropping

An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction

Crop rotation

An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are rotated from season to season.

Agroforestry

An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped.

Contour plowing

An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land.

Perennial plant

A plant that lives for multiple years.

Annual plant

A plant that lives only one season.

No-till agriculture

an agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons and is used as a means of reducing topsoil erosion— designed to avoid the soil degradation that comes with conventional agricultural techniques.

Integrated pest management (IPM)

An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.

Organic agriculture

Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

Individual transferable quote (ITQ)

A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell.

Aquaculture

Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.

meat

the second largest component of the human diet, is usually defined as livestock (beef, veal, pork, and lamb) and poultry (chicken, turkey, and duck) consumed as food. Globally, we produce over 300 kg (660 pounds) of grain per person per year, followed by meat at 43 kg (95 pounds) per person per year, and fish at about 21 kg (46 pounds) per person per year.