Social Psych 2

Two candidates for University Senate are preparing their fall campaigns. One decides to focus on campus safety issues, because they are sure that is the main focus of the student body. The other is equally sure that students are most concerned with the ethics of the university's investment policies. Which of the following is an explanation for the two candidates' beliefs that their different platforms each focus on the major concerns of the student body?

False Consensus

According to lecture, why do we continue to use heuristics if they aren't always accurate?

Because as long as they're right most of the time, they're better than trying to figure out every situation from the ground up.

Implicit attitudes are formed through ____; explicit attitudes are formed through _____.

Automatic associations; rules and logic

Through what mechanism does the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) measure implicit attitudes?

Reaction times are faster to implicitly associated pairs than non-associated pairs.

The tendency to miss obvious events when concentrating on something specific is called _____.

Attentional blindness

Which of the following is one the main criticisms of James and Lange's explanation of emotion as being strictly a product of physiological sensation?

People who are paralyzed from the neck down (and can't feel their bodies) still have emotions.

According to the concept of effort justification,

experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity.

You are trying to decide which of several used cards to purchase and have heard persuasive messages from many sourced. Which of the following individuals has the greatest credibility?

Martha, licensed automobile mechanic at the Wefixit Garage.

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

Cleanliness/filth

According to the lecture, why is it easier to remember negative information when we are in a bad mood and positive information when we are in a good mood?

Information in memory is prioritized based on our current situation, and our mood is part of our current situation.

Candice really likes action films. Under which condition is introspecting about why she likes action films likely to WEAKEN the association between her attitude toward action films and her intention to go to see an action film at that theater?

The basis for the attitude is largely affective.

Based on the results of both of the Bodenhausen studies of mood and cognition presented in class, which of the following best describes the effect of mood on cognition?

Cognition is affected both by our mood and our level of autonomic arousal.

The tendency to seek out information consistent with your existing worldview is

Confirmation bias

In Schwartz and Clore's "weather study," differences between participants surveyed on rainy days and participants surveyed on sunny days went away if the participants were reminded of the weather's effect on mood. What does this suggest about mood effect in judgment?

It suggests that mood effects are something we can correct if they are called to our attention.

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements necessary for a successful fear appeal?

The danger should be already present in the audience's life.

In Schwartz and Clore's "weather study"...

Participants surveyed on rainy days reported lower life satisfaction than participants surveyed on sunny days.

If you're in a really bad mood and are experiencing mood-congruent recall, you...

Are probably having trouble being optimistic or remembering past successes.

Omar is arguing with a friend about a social issue. He picks apart every piece of evidence his friend presents to him, but doesn't subject the evidence he has for his own position to the same level of criticism. Omar is experiencing...

Confirmation bias

According to the textbook, all of the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT

Base-rate information

Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Sebastian is high in the need for cognition. This means he likes to

think deeply about issues.

Many members of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous.However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else thinks the initiation process is just fine. This scenario exemplifies

Pluralistic ignorance

What is the primary difference between high-arousal and low-arousal emotional experiences?

High-arousal emotions cue effortless cognition, low-arousal emotions cue effortful cognition

The tendency to interpret ambiguous information in ways that are consistent with our mood state is called...

Mood-congruent perception

Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ____ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ___ terms.

Abstract; concrete

According to lecture, which of the following best explains the phenomenon of change blindness?

Because the details of a social interaction rarely change significantly mid-interaction, we do not bother to check for changes in the interests of cognitive efficiency.

A political candidate must decide whether a television ad should consist of an endorsement by a celebrity or by a popular governor. Which of the following variables is this researcher concerned about?

Source variables

What do heuristics do?

Avoid overworking cognitive resources

In one study, elementary schoolteachers were told that aptitude tests indicated that certain students would "bloom" intellectually in the coming year, though in reality these students' names were chosen randomly. At the end of the year, the selected students indeed performed better on aptitude tests compared to other students. This phenomenon is called _____ and is likely driven by ____.

A self-fulfilling prophecy; teacher behavior

According to the theory of affect-as-information, mood influences our level of cognition because...

We require cognitive resources to deal with the problems in our environment

According to the theory of affect-as-information, people in positive moods...

Are more likely to rely on stereotypes and heuristics

Which of the following best describes the strategic approach to cognitive efficiency discussed in lecture?

Efficiency is maintained through a tradeoff between speed and accuracy in cognition.

What effect do schemas have on the recall of memories?

Schemas for past events shape the later recall of the event, leading to remembering details (accurately or inaccurately) that are consistent with the existing schema.

Attitudes that are ____ are held without conscious awareness and are brought to mind automatically.

Implicit

With the central route to persuasion, which of the following do message recipients pay attention to?

The strength and quality of the message.

According to the lecture, what is the biggest problem with using fear or humor appeals in persuasion?

If something is too scary or too funny, it can disrupt the processing of the message.

_____ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ____ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Bottom-Up; Top-Down

The process by which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world is called

Social cognition

When information ____ has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. When information ___ has the most influence on people, recency effect has occurred.

Presented first; presented last

___ is a diffuse, nonspecific, persistent affective state, ___ is a targeted, specific, brief affective state

Mood; emotion

The source variable credibility is a combination of:

Expertise and trustworthiness

How did the researchers explain their results in the Capilano Bridge Study?

Men thought they were feeling physical attraction when they were really feeling fear.

Researchers have found that we tend NOT to use heuristics under which of the following conditions?

When the question is very important

In Bodenhausen, Kramer, & Susser's study examining the effect of positive moods on cognition, participants in ___ moods were ___ to use stereotypes in their guilt judgments than others.

positive; more likely

The feeling of discomfort we experience when our behaviors are inconsistent with our beliefs is called:

Cognitive dissonance

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, recipients of a persuasive message who have taken the central route to persuasion will

Analyze and attempt to understand the contents of that message

What kind of persuasion occurs when people do not think carefully about a communication, and are instead influenced by irrelevant cues?

Peripheral route persuasion

In their study on cognitive differences between anger and sadness, who did Bodenhausen, Sheppard, & Kramer find were more likely to rely on stereotypes?

Angry people

Which of the following best describes the relationships between the three elements of an attitude?

Attitudes can be formed from behavior, feelings, or thoughts related to the object, individually or in combination

Which of the following statements about the concept of attitude is NOT accurate?

Attitudes always predict subsequent behavior

The ____ component of an attitude consists of the information a person has about the attitude object.

Cognitive

When are we most likely to rely on heuristics?

When we lack either the motivation or the capacity to engage in effortful cognition.

The process by which small attacks on our beliefs help counteract larger attacks on our beliefs is called

Attitude inoculation

The idea that our mood states serve as fast, easily processed clues to the state of our environment is called the ___ theory.

Affect as information

Effortful cognition involves

Judgements or decisions of which we are consciously aware

When are we likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

When our behaviors do not match important, closely-held beliefs

Current research describes the experience of emotion as...

A combination of physiological response. To an emotional stimulus and cognitive interpretation of that stimulus.

When judgement or decisions are influenced by the way in which information is presented, this is called a...

Framing effect

In a laboratory study, one group of participants is asked to recall six instances when they confronted someone who was disturbing them. A second group is asked to recall twelve such occasions. Researchers predict that members of the second group will rate themselves as much ___, based on the ___.

Less confrontational; availability heuristic

Malik went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Malik is displaying

The recency effect