Green Text- CPSC 315 study set

Employee Polygraph Protection Act

Passed 1988. Prohibits private employers from using lie detectors under most conditions. Cannot require test for employment. Exceptions: pharmaceutical/security firms, theft investigations. Government exempt. Federal, state, and local governments exempt—think law enforcement.

Data Related Failure

A computerized system may fail because wrong data was entered into it. A computerized system may fail because people incorrectly interpret data they retrieve.

Police Drones

Hundreds of US police departments operate small unmanned drones. FAA restrictions: cannot weigh over 25 pounds, cannot fly higher than 400 feet, must be flown during daylight within view of operator.

Omstead v. United States (1928)

U.S. Supreme Court—wiretapping

OK without a search warrant.

Federal Communications Act (1934

wiretapping made illegal without a search warrant.

Nardone v. United States (1939)

U.S. Supreme Court rules wiretapping not OK without a search warrant. Attorney General declared FBI would cease wiretapping. FBI continues secret wiretapping.

Katz v. United States (1967)

U.S. Supreme Court rules that a search warrant is needed to place a bug (hidden microphone).

USA PATRIOT Act

Passed 2001. Provisions: greater authority to monitor communications, regulate banks, border controls, new crimes/penalties for terrorism. Critics say undermines 4th Amendment rights with pen registers on browsers, roving surveillance, searches without warrants.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Rights given to students 18+ or parents of younger students. Rights include: reviewing educational records, requesting changes to erroneous records, preventing release without permission.

Video Privacy Protection Act

Videotape providers cannot disclose rental records without consumer's written consent. Rental stores must destroy personal info within a year. Enacted after Judge Robert Bork's video rentals leaked during Supreme Court nomination.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Limits how doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, insurance companies use medical info. Healthcare providers need signed authorization to release info. Must provide patients notice describing how they use medical information.

Globalization

Process of creating worldwide network of businesses and markets. Causes greater mobility of goods, services, capital around world. Made possible through rapidly decreasing cost of IT.

Hacker

Modern meaning: someone who gains unauthorized access to computers and networks. Original meaning: explorer, risk taker, system innovator (MIT's Tech Model Railroad Club 1950s). Shift occurred 1960s-1980s.

Hacker

FBI National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

Collection of crime-related databases with over 39 million records. Helps solve hundreds of thousands of cases yearly. Helped apprehend Timothy McVeigh and James Earl Ray.

E-Retailer Posts Wrong Price, Refuses to Deliver

Amazon told all customers for the mispriced iPaqs that their terms and conditions of purchase, which every customer has agreed to, make it clear that a legally binding contract for the sale of the goods concerned does not exist until they are physically shipped and the customer's credit card is debited.

Moral responsibility conditions

Causal condition: actions/inactions caused harm. Mental condition: actions/inactions intended/willed OR moral agent careless/reckless/negligent. Therac-25 team morally responsible: constructed device that caused harm and were negligent.

SAE automation levels

Level 0: No automation. Level 1: Driver assistance (anti-lock brakes, cruise control). Level 2: Partial automation (steering and acceleration/deceleration). Level 3: Conditional automation (all aspects with human intervention). Level 4: High automation (even if human doesn't respond). Level 5: Full automation.

Tesla Accident

Joshua Brown died because Tesla Autopilot failed to detect a semi truck turning.

Effort to Eliminate “Bad Experiences”

Uber chose to reduce “bad experiences” by turning off emergency braking of self-driving cars. two active systems could give conflicting commands

Verification

Does program correctly implement model? Part of validating simulations.

Validation

Does model accurately represent real system? Validation methods: make prediction and wait, predict present from old data, test credibility with experts/decision makers.

Bias in AI Training Sets

When AI trained with biased data, affects performance. Example: facial recognition with 75% male, 80% white faces misidentified fair-skinned males 1%, darker-skinned females up to 35%. Photos of cooking: 67% showed women, trained system identified men correctly less than 50%.

M.A. Mortenson v. Timberline Software Corporation

Court ruled in favor of Timberline and licensing agreement that limited consequential damages. Shrinkwrap / clickwrap license enforceable

Tiered service

Charging more for high-priority routing of Internet packets. Supporters say needed for Voice-over-IP and other services. Opponents (Google, Yahoo) say would hurt start-ups and lower innovation.