Ap government unit 3

Bill rights

designed to protect individual liberties and rights

civil liberties

established guarantees and freedoms that protect citizens, opinions and arbitrary government interference

First Amendment

freedom of speech, religion, press assembly and petition

Symbolic speech

nonverbal action that communicates the idea of belief (protected by the first amendment)

Defamation

protections against this by the 1st amendment it is language that harms the reputation of another

Libel

protected by the 1st amendment ( written communication)

slander

oral communication

2nd Amendement

the right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

providing housing for soldiers in the area

4th amendments

protection against warrantless searches

5th amendment

the right to remain silent

6th Amendment

It gives citizens a series of rights in criminal trial

7th amendment

protects the right for citizens to have a jury trial in federal courts with civil cases where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value.

8th amendment

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

9th amendment

the government cannot take away rights of the American people that are not specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution.

10th amendment

prevents the federal government from trying to expand its powers beyond the powers granted by the Constitution.

Exclusionary rule

in the 4th amendment , prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitutio

due process clause

the national government cannot infringe upon a person’s right to life, liberty or property without following procedure ( seen in the 5th amendment)

Miranda rule

notify citizens that they have protection from self-incrimination. ( seen in the 6th amendment)

Griswold v Connecticut

interpreted the due process clause to protect the rights of privacy from government infringement

Roe v Wade

extended the privacy right to abortion

Civil rights

Rights that protect individuals from discrimination

Letter of Birmingham Jail- written by Martin Luther king

argues that all people should be treated equally

urgency for legislative action

civil rights act 1964

prohibits discrimination in public places

Title IX of the education amendments act of 1972

prohibits sex discrimination in any education program

The voting rights Act of 1965

prohibits racial discrimination

Affirmative Action

refers to policies intended to address workplace and educational disparities related to race, ethnic origin, gender, disability and Agee

Engel v vitale

The majority, via Justice Black, held that school-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. (The Establishment clause prohibits the government from "establishing" a religion)

wisconsin v yoder

In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Supreme Court ruled that mandatory school attendance after eighth grade for Amish children violated their right to religious freedom. (Under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment,)

Tinker v Des Moines

• The Case:

  In 1969, a group of students in Des Moines, Iowa, wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War, and the school suspended them for doing so. 

• The Ruling:

  The Supreme Court sided with the students, ruling that their symbolic speech (wearing the armbands) was protected by the First Amendment and that school officials could not prohibit student expression unless it caused a substantial disruption or interfered with the school's operations. 

• The "Substantial Disruption" Standard:

  The court established that school officials could only restrict student speech if they could demonstrate that the expression would cause a material and substantial disruption to the school's educational environment. 

• Importance:

  Tinker v. Des Moines is a landmark case that affirmed the free speech rights of students in public schools, establishing that they do not "shed" their First Amendment rights at the schoolhouse gate. 

schneck v United States

The Court ruled that freedom of speech and freedom of the press under the First Amendment could be limited only if the words in the circumstances created "a clear and present danger."

New York Times v United States

was a decision expanding freedom of the press and limits on the government's power to interrupt that freedom.

McDonald v chicago

incorporated the 2nd amendment right to bear arms to the states, meaning states cannot severely limit or infringe on private citizens' rights to own firearms through local and state legislation.

Gideon v Wainwright

the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of Gideon, guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in federal and state courts.

brown v broad of education

declaring the end of legal segregation in the education system, asserting that segregated schools could never be equal, and mandating the desegregation of schools across America. violated the 14th amendment