Poli Sci 160 Midterm

Testimonial Injustice

When a person’s word has less value because of the prejudice exercised by the listener. 

Hermeneutical injustice

The language is limited in such a way that people cannot properly express their feelings of injustice. 

Active Social Power

Altering behavior using power (like issuing a fine)

Passive Social Power

Alter someone’s actions by means of potential action (like a cop being present)

Identity Power

When an agent uses identity stereotypes to influence the actions of others

Injustice according to Shklar

The created, avoidable product intentional harm

Passive Injustice

Failure of an individual or an institution to act when they could to prevent or mitigate harm

Active Injustice

Harm done directly or indirectly, due to shirking or violating law or duty with an emphasis on the victim’s perspective of perceived injustice. We should minimize cruelty.

Setting of The Republic

Piraeus which is the docks outside of Athens, gritty, and a hub for culture and trade @ Cephalus’ House

Cephalus Definition of Justice

Repaying debts and telling the truth

Polemarchus Definition of Justice

Doing good for friends and bad for enemies

Thrasymachus Definition of Justice

Advantage of the stronger

City of Needs

Only a few people where each does a specific job

City of Sows

More people, with things like tools for farming, blacksmiths, etc

Luxurious City

Introduced by Glaucon, brings luxury and army

City of Speech — Kallipolis

Perfectly just city

Top class in Kallipolis

Guardians - Philosopher Rulers - Gold - Logos - Wisdom

Middle class in Kallipolis

Auxiliaries - Silver - Thuymus, Spiritedness

Lowest class in Kallipolis

Craftspeople - Bronze - Epithymos - Material Desire

Fortuna

A river and a woman — ruthless and take advantage of Fortuna

Virtu

Political skill and knowledge

Republic (M)

Hard to take over because the people are used to being free

Cesare Borgia

Son of the Pope, Machiavelli assessed that Borgia was virtuous but unfortunate

Agathocles

Tyrant of Syracuse, politically virtuous but his actions are not “traditionally virtuous”

State of Nature (Hobbes)

Constant War

Three causes of conflict

1. Competition over limited resources

2. Glory, some just want to conquer

3. Diffidence — Rational choice is to attack first, prisoner’s dilemma

Hobbes: No injustice because _______

we cannot break our agreements, because agreements do not exist in the state of nature, due to no common enforcer

Hobbes: everyone is ____ because _______

equal, we all die

Hobbes: Human Nature is:

Rational, a drive for self preservation

Natural Right (H)

The right to pursue our own self preservation (we are the judges of what this entails)

Main endeavors

1. Appetite

2. Aversion

3. Contempt

Hobbes Limits on the Sovereign

Must maintain peace and order, cannot force you to kill yourself

Good sovereign is (H)

Clear, equitable, charitable

Hobbes: Justice is ____, which is ______

The law, adhering to your contracts

The General Will

the collective desire of the people that seeks the common good — this is the sovereign according to Rousseau

The general will is _____

Always right and does not have rectitude

We ______ ourselves to the general will

Submit ourselves (ailenate)

Will of all

Summation of all of our private and particular wills, which is not always equal to the General will

Rousseau’s issue with Right of the Stronger:

Confusing force/coercion with obligation