Module 11 Lesson 1 -4 Quiz

Eukaryotic cells

replicates DNA in the nucleus

Prokaryotic cells

replicates DNA in the cytoplasm

DNA Replication

Is the copying of DNA during S-phase (DNA to DNA)

Transcription

Is the copying of genes worth of DNA on a single strand of mRNA (DNA to mRNA)

mRNA

messenger RNA- Carries the instructions for a single protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA- Reads the mRNA instructions to assemble amino acids into proteins

RNA Polymerase

Elongates RNA in the 5’ —> 3’ direction

Stop codons/Termination signal

UAA, UAG, UGA

What is the codon table?

It’s degenerate

Mutation

Any change in the DNA sequence

What causes mutations?

Errors in replication, transcription, or cell division

What are some mutagens that can change skin, muscle or bone cells?

Radiation from the sun, X rays, and radioactive materials

Where does information flow?

it flows from DNA to mRNA to protein

Point mutation

A change in a single base pair in DNA

Frameshift mutation

involves more than a single codon, occurs when a nitrogenous base is deleted or added

Prokaryotic Replication

A circular DNA strand is opened in one origin of replication.

Eukaryotic Replication

DNA unwinds in multiple areas as its is replicated

Semi-Conservative Replication

Each new strand is composed of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

What are the three main stages of Semi-Conservative Replication?

Unwinding, Base Pairing, Joining

DNA Helicase

Unwinds DNA

Primase

Adds a few RNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase

Elongates DNA to the 5’—> 3’ direction , and proofreads bases

DNA Ligase

Glues Okazaki fragments together

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Thymine as a base pair for Adenine

2 stranded double helix

Contains all DNA

3 parts of Nucleotide

1. 5-C Sugar

2. Phosphate Group

3. Nitrogen Base

What is DNA?

DNA is a double helix made of 2 twisted strands

What is the sugar phosphate backbone

It’s anti parallel and causes a leading and lagging strand

What is the number of hydrogen bonds that Adenine and Thymine have?

They have 2 hydrogen bonds

What is the number of hydrogen bonds that Cytosine and Thymine have?

They have 3 hydrogen bonds

What are purines?

They are double ringed

What are pyrimidines?

They are single ringed

Nitrogenous Base

A carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen.

What creates the lagging strand?

The antiparallel sugar phosphate backbone

tRNA

Delivers amino acids to ribosomes to assemble proteins.

What are the three nitrogenous bases known as?

Codons

Translation

The process of changing the information in mRNA into an amino acid chain

RNA

Ribose

Uracil Substitutes for Thymine

Single Stranded

1 genes worth of DNA

3 Types of RNA

1. mRNA

2. rRNA

3. tRNA

Start Codon

AUG