Anatomy IIII

The testes being kept how many degrees under body temperature-

3 degrees

Where are certain things located in a sperm cell

 Head (contains DNA and acrosome), Midpiece (packed with mitochondria), Tail (flagellum for movement)

The ovarian follicle does not mature fully until it is

fertilized 

What is amenorrhea?

 No menstruation

What is dysmenorrhea?

 Painful menstruation

 What does "menorrhea" mean?

 Menstruation

How many chromosomes are in an egg?

23 each

How many chromones are in a sperm cell?

23 each

The male urethra serves 2 systems; what are they

1. Urinary system – it carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

2. Reproductive system – it transports semen (which contains sperm) during ejaculation.

It is necessary in order for fertilization to occur that a male has

an orgasm

It is not necessary for a female to have an orgasm for fertilization

 just have to ovulate

The different layers of the uterus from the inside 

1. Endometrium – the inner lining; thickens during the menstrual cycle and sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs.

2. Myometrium – the middle, muscular layer; contracts during labor and menstruation.

3. Perimetrium – the outermost layer; a thin serous covering.

How sperm moves through the ductus deferens 

Sperm moves through the ductus deferens by muscle squeezing (called peristalsis).
This helps push the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation.

How egg moves through the fallopian tubes with the muscularis layer

The muscle layer in the fallopian tubes squeezes gently to help move the egg.
Tiny hairs (called cilia) also help push the egg toward the uterus.

Functions of the uterus

• Menstruation – it sheds its lining if there's no pregnancy.

• Pregnancy – it holds and nourishes the growing baby.

• Labor – it contracts to help push the baby out during childbirth.

Functions of the fallopian tubes

1. Transporting eggs – they move the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

2. Fertilization – this is where sperm meets the egg, and fertilization can happen.

What are the different parts of the fallopian tube

1. Fimbriae – finger-like structures at the end near the ovary; they grab the egg when it's released.

2. Infundibulum – the part right after the fimbriae; it’s where the egg enters the tube.

3. Ampulla – the middle section; this is where fertilization usually happens.

4. Isthmus – the narrow part near the uterus; it moves the fertilized egg toward the uterus.

Sex cells undergo meiosis as

opposed to mitosis 

Where does fertilization take place

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

This is where the sperm meets the egg. Once fertilized, the egg moves toward the uterus to start developing.

What is the function of the vagina 

• Passage for menstrual blood – it lets blood flow out during menstruation.

• Birth canal – it’s the passage through which a baby is delivered during childbirth.

• Receives sperm – during intercourse, it holds sperm so they can travel to the uterus for fertilization.

The mammary glands in the female and the male

are considered modified sweat glands even though females produce milk

Mothers milk is sweat

but it is modified; it is nutritious 

What hormones are involved in the development of follicle and oocyte

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – helps the follicle grow and mature.

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – triggers ovulation, releasing the egg from the follicle.

• Estrogen – produced by the growing follicle, it helps the egg mature and thickens the uterine lining.

What hormones are involved in ejection of the secondary oocyte 

1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – triggers ovulation, causing the mature follicle to burst and release the egg.

2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – helps the follicle mature before ovulation, but its role is more important earlier in the cycle.

Where are your vocal cords located 

located in your larynx (also called the voice box), which is in your throat.

Where does your deoxygenated blood end up in your heart, what the first place it ends up

Your right atrium (the top right chamber of your heart) after it returns from the body.

From there, it moves into the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs to get oxygen.

4o mini

The signs of puberty in a female

• Breast development: The breasts start to grow and may become tender.

• Pubic and underarm hair: Hair grows in these areas.

• Menstruation: Periods begin, usually between ages 9-16.

• Wider hips: The hips may become fuller as the body prepares for fertility.

• Skin changes: Increased oil production can lead to acne.

• Height growth: A growth spurt typically happens early in puberty.

• Body shape changes: Fat begins to accumulate on the thighs, hips, and buttocks.

The prostate gland as you age

• Enlargement: The prostate may get bigger, which can cause problems with urination, like needing to go often or having trouble starting to pee. This is common in older men.

• Prostate Cancer Risk: The chance of getting prostate cancer increases as men age, especially after 50. Regular doctor check-ups help catch any issues early.

• Less Fluid: The prostate produces less fluid over time, which affects sperm and semen.

Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

that spermatogenesis will produce 4 daughter cells and oogenesis will produce 1 ovum,spermatogenesis continuously produces many sperm, while oogenesis produces fewer eggs throughout a woman's life.

The muscles that move the testicles towards the body and away from the body

• Cremaster muscle: This muscle pulls the testicles up towards the body when it’s cold or during arousal to help keep them warm. It relaxes to let the testicles hang lower when it's warm.

• Dartos muscle: This muscle is in the skin of the scrotum and tightens when it's cold, causing the skin to wrinkle and pull the testicles closer to the body. It relaxes when it’s warm, allowing the skin to loosen and the testicles to hang lower.

If the testicles are heated they will move away from the body

if they are too cold they would move towards the body

Erection is parasympathetic but

ejaculation is sympathetic

What do the dartos and incrapt muscles do muscles do

• Dartos muscle: This muscle is in the skin of the scrotum. When it's cold, the dartos muscle contracts, making the skin tighten and wrinkle, which pulls the testicles closer to the body to keep them warm. When it's warm, it relaxes, allowing the skin to loosen and the testicles to hang lower.

• Cremaster muscle: This muscle is higher up, around the spermatic cord. It lifts the testicles closer to the body in cold weather or during arousal to keep them warm, and lets them drop further away from the body when it's warm to cool down.

What are the effects of estrogen

• Development of Female Characteristics: Estrogen helps develop and maintain female traits like breasts, wider hips, and a more rounded body shape.

• Regulates Menstrual Cycle: It helps control the menstrual cycle, including the growth of the uterine lining for a possible pregnancy.

• Bone Health: Estrogen helps keep bones strong by preventing bone loss. It’s especially important for women after menopause.

• Skin and Hair: Estrogen can improve skin health, making it more elastic and less wrinkled. It also affects hair growth.

• Mood: Estrogen can influence mood, and changes in its levels may affect emotions or contribute to conditions like PMS

What are the effect of all 6 hormones in the female reproductive system

1. Estrogen:

   • Role: Develops female characteristics (like breasts and wider hips), helps regulate the menstrual cycle, and keeps bones strong.

2. Progesterone:

   • Role: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining. If pregnancy doesn’t happen, it helps start the period.

3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH):

   • Role: Triggers ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary). It helps the body get ready for pregnancy if the egg is fertilized.

4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):

   • Role: Stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs and helps in the development of the eggs inside the follicles.

5. Prolactin:

   • Role: Stimulates milk production in the breasts after childbirth.

6. Oxytocin:

   • Role: Helps with contractions during childbirth and also promotes milk release when breastfeeding.

The cycle learned that the corpus luteum produces hormones that build that stratum functionalis

 luteal hormones  

The testicles in a newborn have to descend out of their body if they do not; what does that cause

• Fertility issues: If the testicles stay inside the body, they may get too warm, which can affect sperm production and lead to difficulty having children later in life.

• Increased risk of testicular cancer: Having undescended testicles increases the chance of developing testicular cancer, though the risk is lower if the testicles are fixed early.

• Possible hernia: Sometimes, undescended testicles are linked with an inguinal hernia, where tissue bulges through a weak spot in the abdominal wall.

What are the name of the cells that are in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

Sertoli cells and Spermatogenic cells

Follow the pathway of sperm from the gonand to the outside oral

• Testes

• Epididymis

• Vas deferens

• Seminal vesicles & Prostate gland

• Urethra

• Penis

Matching section- the uterus and the scrotum the coprutun katnosum, corpus spongiosum

• The uterus – Corpus spongiosum
  (Both have a role in supporting and protecting organs — the uterus carries and protects the developing fetus, while the corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation.)

• The scrotum – Corpus cavernosa
  (The scrotum is the pouch that holds the testicles, similar to how the corpus cavernosa are two chambers in the penis that fill with blood and help with erections.)

What hormones does the corpus luteum secretes

• Progesterone: This hormone helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a possible pregnancy. It supports pregnancy if the egg is fertilized.

• Estrogen: It works with progesterone to maintain the uterine lining and helps regulate other parts of the reproductive system.

Menstrual Phase

This is when you get your period. The lining of the uterus, which thickened for a possible pregnancy, sheds because no pregnancy occurred. It usually lasts about 3-7 days.

Follicular Phase

This phase happens before ovulation. The follicles in the ovaries start to mature, and the uterus begins to prepare a new lining for a potential pregnancy. It overlaps with the menstrual phase but continues until ovulation.

Ovulatory Phase

This is when an egg is released from the ovary (ovulation). It happens around the middle of the cycle and lasts about 1-2 days. This is when you’re most fertile.

Luteal Phase

After ovulation, the empty follicle turns into the corpus luteum, which secretes hormones (like progesterone) to maintain the uterine lining in case of pregnancy. If there’s no pregnancy, the corpus luteum breaks down, hormone levels drop, and the cycle restarts with menstruation

How long is the female reproductive cycle is

28 days 

What part of the endometrium slepts off during female menstruation

the functional layer of the endometrium

Identify external vs internal female genitalia 

External Genitalia (Vulva):

• Labia majora: The outer "lips" of the vagina, which are larger and fleshy.

• Labia minora: The inner "lips" of the vagina, which are smaller and thinner.

• Clitoris: A small, sensitive organ at the top of the vulva, which is important for sexual pleasure.

• Vaginal opening: The entrance to the vagina, where menstrual blood exits and where sexual intercourse happens.

Internal Genitalia:

• Vagina: The muscular tube that connects the outside of the body to the uterus.

• Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

• Uterus: The organ where a fertilized egg grows into a baby during pregnancy.

• Ovaries: The organs that produce eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

• Fallopian tubes: Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

Know all of the ducts; fallopian tubes, vas deferens, seminiferous tubules, straight tubules

• Fallopian tubes: Carry eggs to the uterus.

• Vas deferens: Carry sperm from the testes to the urethra.

• Seminiferous tubules: Where sperm are made in the testes.

• Straight tubules: Carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.

Matching section of different parts in the male and female reproductive system; some of the glands, the seminal glands, the prostate gland, the bulbourethral gland; what do these glands do

• Seminal Glands (Seminal Vesicles):

  • These glands produce a thick fluid that nourishes sperm and helps them move. This fluid makes up a large part of semen.

• Prostate Gland:

  • This gland produces a fluid that helps sperm swim and keeps them alive. It also makes semen slightly acidic, which helps protect sperm in the female reproductive system.

• Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper's Gland):

  • This gland produces a clear fluid that cleans the urethra before sperm pass through. It also helps lubricate the urethra for easier passage of semen during ejaculation.

The degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans if it doesn't the egg doesn't fertilize

• The corpus luteum makes hormones to help support a pregnancy.

• If the egg isn’t fertilized, the corpus luteum stops working and breaks down.

• This turns it into the corpus albicans, and the hormone levels drop, which leads to your period (menstruation).