GS — Biology

Ecology?

Relationships between organisms(生物/有机体) and their environment

Ecosystem?

Organisms + their environment + interactions between them

3 important roles under ecosystem?

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

What’s producer?

Organism makes its own food (plants)

What’s consumer?

Organism gets food by eating other organisms

What’s decomposer?

Organism that breaks down dead plants, animals, and waste 

Why is animal consumers

They can’t produce own food

Three main consumer?

Carnivore（肉食动物）

Herbivore（草食动物）

Omnivore（杂食动物）e.g. Human

What 3 conditions are needed for plants/producers to grow?

Sunlight

Good soil

Moderate temperate

Water

What happens if Plants ↓

Plants ↓ → herbivores ↓ → predators ↓ （捕食者）

What will happen if losing one important?

The entire ecosystem can be disrupt

Other factors that affect ecosystems?

Human activities

Food supply（食物供应）

Habitat（栖息地）

Disease（疾病）

Predators（捕食者）

Pollution（污染）

Wasting natural resources

What’s biodiversity?

Variety（多样性/各种各样) of life in the world, a habitat, or an ecosystem

What does Biodiversity includes?

Plants

Animals

Other organisms

Genes 基因

Why does biodiversity mportant?

Organisms depend on one another

What effect will be created if ine species dies?

Domino

What‘s Genetic diversity?

variety of genes（基因） within a species

Benefit of more genetic diversity?

A larger gene pool(基因库) = organisms have more ability to adapt to changing conditions

Many medicines come from?

Natural compounds

Natural compounds examples?

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Relationships between biodiversity and natural compounds?

Biodiversity → useful natural compounds → medicines

Taxonomy?

Scientific classification of organisms

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Group them

Give them standard names

Understand relationships between organisms

Classification system is strongly associated with which botanist?

Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist(瑞典植物学家)

8 Levels of Classification

From broadest → most specific?

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

D → Domain
K → Kingdom
P → Phylum
C → Class
O → Order
F → Family
G → Genus
S → Species

Scientific names struction?

Genus + species

e.g. Homo sapiens

Six Kingdoms?

Animals（动物界）

Plants（植物界）

Fungi（真菌界）

Protists（原生生物界）

Eubacteria（真细菌）

Archaebacteria（古细菌）

Animal Kingdom?

Multicellular（多细胞）

Can move

No cell wall（细胞壁）

Cannot perform photosynthesis（光合作用）

No chlorophyll（叶绿素）

Plant Kingdom?

Multicellular

Usually cannot move

Have cell walls（细胞壁）

Perform photosynthesis（光合作用）

Cell walls contain cellulose（纤维素）

Fungi examples?

Mushrooms

Yeast（酵母）

Fungi?

Have cell walls

Cannot photosynthesize

Cell walls contain chitin

Exampls of Protists (原生动物)?

Protozoa（原生动物）

Protists?

Include many single-celled（单细胞） organisms

They have a nucleus（细胞核）

Where can Eubacteria be found（真细菌）?

Human body

Environment

Ocean

Eubacteria?

Usually single-celled

No distinct nucleus（明显/独立的细胞核）

No membrane-bound organelles（膜结合细胞器）

Found almost everywhere

Archaebacteria / Archaea（古细菌）?

Single-celled

No distinct nucleus

No membrane-bound organelles

• • Have different genetic（遗传） structures and metabolic（代谢） processes from bacteria

Difference between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?

Genetic(遗传) structures and metabolic(代谢) processes