Wars of Religion

Thirty- Years' War= TYW

What religion did Philip || of Spain follow?

Catholicism

What were Philip || goals?

Secure land, reinstate catholicism, make Spain dominant power

What was Spain’s economy fueled by?

silver, gold, agriculture, commerce, industry- textiles, silk, and leather

What factor impacted European economies?

The cost of war

What influenced the Revolt of the Netherlands under Spanish rule?

• Philip || attempted to grow his power there

• Dutch unhappy with their tax money going to Spain’s use

• Lack of religious freedom- Philip attempted to crush Calvinism

What was the Council of Troubles?

• “Council of Blood”

• executed powerful aristocrats

• inspired revolt to become more organized

Who was William of Nassau?

• “William the Silent”

• took the lead of growing resistance

Who was William of Orange?

• wanted to unify all provinces

• 1576: Pacification of Ghent- all provinces stand together under William, will respect all religions, called for removal of Spain

Who was the Duke of Parma?

The next Spanish ruler who disrupted unity by playing religious differences

What were the Dutch provinces called?

• Southern (Catholic): Union of Arras

• Northern (Protestant): Union of Utrecht

When did the Netherland’s provinces fight until?

1609 when a 12 year truce was negotiated

What did the United Provinces call themselves?

Dutch Republic but the Spanish did not recognize them until 1648

How many Dutch southern provinces remained under Spanish control?

10

When were the French Wars of Religion?

1562- 1598

What were French Calvinists called?

Huguenots

What woman dominated France during their Wars of Religion? What did she want?

Catherine de’ Medici who sought compromise between Catholics and Calvinists

Who were the Ultra Catholics?

an expreme group of Catholics during the French Wars of Religion who were led by the Guise family and wanted persecution of Huguenots

What was the St. Bartolomew’’s Day Massacre?

Months of Catholics slaughtering Huguenots, resulting in an estimated 5000-25000 deaths

What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)

Catholics allowed Calvinism

After the Huguenots rebuilt, what did the Catholics create?

the Holy League

Who took the English throne after Mary?

Elizabeth (1558-1603)

What was Elizabeth’s religious policy based on? Why?

compromise because she didn’t want religion to tear England apart

In 1559, what replaced Mary’s Catholic Legislation?

the Elizabethan Religious Settlement

What was the Act of Supremacy?

It recognized Elizabeth as supreme leader; however, she preferred to use “supreme governor” instead of “supreme head of Church” to not upset Catholics who still viewed the Pope as the head of the Church

What was the Act of Uniformity?

restored the church service of Book of Common Prayer but with some revisions to make it more acceptable to Catholics

What were the Thirty-Nine Articles?

they defined theological issues midway between Lutheranism and Calvinism

Why was Modern Protestantism used?

to avoid extremes and risk angering Catholics or Protestants

Who did the new policies not work for?

Catholics and Puritans

What happened to Mary during Elizabeth’s rule?

beheaded for her crimes against Elizabeth

Who were the Puritans?

(1564) Protestants who wanted to remove all Catholicism from the Church of England

True or False: Elizabeth encouraged war

false; Elizabeth avidly avoided war

What did Elizabeth encourage seamen to do?

raid spanish ships and colonies

What did Elizabeth unofficially do?

aided French Huguenots and Dutch Calvinists to weaken her enemies, France and Spain, all while pretending she had no idea what was happening

True or False: King Philip || of Spain wanted to invade England

True; he hoped by taking over England, he could restore Catholicism

How did Philip || plan to invade England

he created the Spanish Armada but when came time for attack, the weather weakened Spain’s sailing abilities, so the Spanish sailed back to Spain, ensuring England’s Protestantism

What years did the Thirty-Years’ War last between?

1618-1648

What did the Peace of Augsburg not recognize?

Calvinism

Who was Fredrick |V?

the Palatinate (elector of Palestine) who formed the Protestant Union

Who was Duke Maximilian of south German States?

formed Catholic League of German States

Why did the Habsburg emperors and the German princes disagree?

the Habsburgs wished to consolidate power in the Holy Roman Empire and wanted to spread Catholicism while the German princes states freedom of religion was part of their “German liberties”

Where did the Habsburgs turn for help?

Spain

Where did the German princes turn for help?

France

What were the four stages of the Third-Years’ War?

• Bohemian Phase

• Danish Phase

• Swedish Phase

• French Phase

Who did the Bohemian Estates initially elect as king?

Ferdinand

Why did the Bohemian Estates dislike Ferdinand?

Ferdinand was Catholic who strictly enforced his religion

In 1618, who did the Bohemian Estates want as their new leader to replace Ferdinand?

Frederick |V

Why did Ferdinand not accept the popular vote of Frederick as the new king?

Frederick was Protestant and could give Protestants more control

Who did Ferdinand seek help from?

Duke Maximilian and the Catholic League

What happened on November 8th 1620

Ferdinand and Maximilian defeated Frederick and Bohemian Rebels at Battle of White Mountain

What happened in 1622?

Spanish took advantage of Frederick’s loss and took Palatinate and Frederick was exiled into the United Provinces

What did Ferdinand do after the Battle of White Mountain?

he declared Bohemia a possession of the Habsburgs, took land of Protestant nobles, and made Catholicism the sole religion

What religion was King Christian of Denmark?

Lutheran

How did King Christian combat the Habsburgs and Catholicism?

• led army into Northern Germany

• made anti-Habsburg, anti-Catholic alliances

• Allied with United Provinces and England

Who was Ferdinand’s new commander?

Wallenstein

What happened in 1626?

Christian’s army defeated by Catholic League

What was impactful about the defeat of Christian?

it marked the end of Danish supremacy in Baltic

What was the Edict of Restitution (1629)?

Made by Ferdinand || and it prohibited Calvinist worship and took Protestant land

Who was the Swedish king?

Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632)

Why is Gustavus Adolphus important?

he was a well-known Lutheran who helped revive Sweden and made it a Baltic power and was regarded as a “military genius”

Who won at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632 (Swedish or Imperial)

Swedish, but it took a toll on Sweden because Adolphus was killed

When and how did Wallenstein die?

1634: he was victim of an assassination ordered by Ferdinand

1634: who won at the Battle of Nordington (Swedish or Imperial)?

Imperial which drove Sweden out and allowed South Germany to remain Catholic

Who was involved in the entry of France in the Thitry-Years’ War?

Cardinal Richelieu under King Louis Xlll

Who did the French support in the TYW?

Catholic French supported Protestant Swedes

1648: Who won at the Battle of Rocroi (France or Spain)?

France

Who was the new dominant power in Europe?

France

What ended the TYW in Germany?

The Peace of Westphalia

True or False: after the TYW, states were free to choose their own religion

True

Who took over some of Germany’s land and power?

Sweden and France

After the TYW the Holy Roman Empire consisted of how many independent states?

300

True or False: after the TYW, politics and religion were still closely intertwined

False

What impacts did Germany face after the TYW?

some economic and population devastation

What is the TYW regarded as?

the “most destructive conflict”