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What effects can Ethnicity have?

It can unify divide and disperse

What is an example of an ethincally concentrated neighborhood?

Little Italy

What do ethnically concentrated neighborhood serve as?

Centers for preservation of ethnic identity

What do integrated conditions do?

Bring individuals from divers racial or cultural backgrounds into a unified society

Ethnic tension and systems of inequality lead to what?

Segregation

What is segregation?

Separation or division along ethnic, racial, sexual or religious lines

What are historical examples of segregation?

Apartheid system in South Africa, and Jim Crow laws in Southern United States

How is the legacy of segregation still visible?

Through wealth distribution, housing patterns, and social inequalities

How can ethnic populations affect cultural patterns?

By dispersing through a location

What affects the spread of cultural factors?

Migration, colonialism, and forges of globalization

What are examples of cultural factors spreading?

Mass displacement of ethnic and religious groups during 1947 parition of India, Spanish colonization, people moving from developing nations to developed nations

What are compulsory factors of migration?

War, famine, and pestilence

True or False, the ethnic makeup of a population doesnt count as a feature of cultural landscape

False, the ethnic makeup of a population serves as a feature of cultural landscape

What is cultural diffusion?

The various ways that cultural characteristics, beliefs, and practices pass from one culture to another and between individuals

The predictable shifts of cultural diffusion reveal what?

How cultures engage, change, and influence each other over time

What is relocation diffusion?

The spread of cultural traits, ideas or innovations through the physical movement of people from one place to another

What is an example of relocation diffusion?

The establishment of English and French as lingua franca through colonial practices

What is expansion diffusion?

Spread of ideas, innovations or cultural trais outward from a central hearth to new areas

What does expansion diffusion include?

Spread of trends and cultural concepts such as language and religion

What is contagious diffusion?

The rapid, widespread, person-to-person spread of ideas and cultural traits

What is an example of contagious diffusion?

Global social media trends

What is hierarchical diffusion?

The spread of ideas and trends from nodes of high authority or large populations down to smaller less influential areas

What is an example of hierarchical diffusion?

Luxury designer fashion brands worn by celebrities become sought after by the general public

What is stimulus diffusion?

An underlying idea, trait or innovation spreads from one culture to another but is adopted in a modified or adapted form

What is an example of stimulus diffusion?

Fast food chains modifying their menus depending on the country they are operating in

McDonald’s has removed what ingredient from restaurants in India?

Beef

What is maladaptive diffusion?

The spread of cultural traits, innovations, or practices to a new environment where they are impractical, inefficient, or harmful

What are examples of maladaptive diffusion?

Grass lawns in arid environments and planting of nonnative, invasive crop species in agriculture

What is true of al diffused cultural elements?

They all follow a somewhat predictable trend

What does the diffusion S curve represent?

Evolution of cultural diffusion over time

What are the 3 parts of the diffusion S curve?

Slow start, rapid growth (acceleration), and eventual saturation (leveling off)

What is an example of the diffusion S curve?

The 1970s pet rocks fad showed a rapid S curve driven by word of mouth followed by a quick decline once the market was saturated

What historical occurrences influence international migration and cultural blending?

Colonization, trade, and war

The processes involved in historical occurrences cause what cultural characteristics to undergo what?

Spread, change, and dissapearance

How can nations cause historical diffusion?

By exerting forceful cultural influence

How do nations exert forceful cultutal influence?

Wars, economic policies, and political expansion efforts

What is colonialism?

The policy or practice of acquiring political control over another nation, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting its economy

What negative effects accompanied colonial practices?

Brutal violence, and forcing elements of a culture such as language, religion, and customs on native populations

What reflects the historical causes of cultural diffusion?

The British Empire’s invasion and control of India, and the Scramble for Africa

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The rapid invasion and partition of nearly the entire African continent by European powers

What is imperialism?

The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force

How does imperialism differ from colonialism?

It is broader

What key conflicts in world history arose from imperialism?

The Boxer Rebellion, Boer War, and Philippine-American War

Conflicts that arose from imperialist policies represent what?

Response of native population to coercive foreign influence

How does war create cultural diffusion?

As victors impose customs on the defeated, and refugees flee to new lands to escape crises they bring elements of their culture with them

What is an example of war causing cultural diffusion?

The conquests of Alexander the Great in 4th century BCE allowed Greek language, art, and philosophy to spread throughout Egypt and parts of India

What is a recent example of war causing cultural diffusion?

The Syrian refugee crisis

When did the Syrian refugee crisis happen?

2012

What are non violent ways culture diffusion manifests?

Trade, migration, technology, and the environment

What is an example of trade manifesting cultural diffusion?

Trade though the Trans-Saharan routes contributed to the rise of political structures

What major political structure rose due to trade through the Trans-Saharan routes?

The Kingdom of Mali

How did the Trans-Saharan routes contribute to the Kingdom of Mali?

Through economic prosperity

Forced migration during trans-Atlantic slave trade brought what cultures to the Southern U.S.?

African, Caribbean, and European blending

The African, Caribbean, and European blending experienced through forced migration to the U.S. shaped what?

Music, cuisine, and architecture

What technology from China facilitates exchange and spread of cultural ideas?

Printing technology

Chinas printing technology spread cultural ideas to where?

Europe

What represents environmental influences on cultural diffusion?

Spread of agricultural techniques suited to specific climates and adoption of indigenous, climate appropriate housing materials by settlers

What is creolization?

The process through which diverse cultures interact, blend, and merge to create new hybrid forms

What are examples of creolization?

Language fusions like Haitian Creole and Papiamentu and religious syncretism such as Vodu and hybrid musical and culinary traditions

Creolization is an example of what?

Syncretism

What is syncretism?

The incorporation or attempted incorporation of different religions cultures or ways of thinking

What are examples of syncretism?

Integration of Indigenous traditions into Latin American Catholicism, and blending of Greek and Roman deities in antiquity

What is cultural assimilation?

Minority groups or immigrants adopting customs, values, and behaviors of a dominant host culture

What is lost in cultural assimilation?

Original cultural identity

What is an example of assimilation?

Traditional names of a culture might diminish over time and be replaced with common names of the dominant culture

What happens to native cultures over colonization?

They face suppression or destruction

What is an example of native suppression or destruction as a result of colonization

Native children forced to attend residential schools to abandon language and traditions

What is lagging diffusion?

The delay between initial introduction of a cultural element and widespread adoption

What is an example of lagging diffusion?

When computer first arrived on the market, there was a significant lag before they became essential

What does cultural diffusion over space and time shape?

Power dynamics, forms of culture, and sidelining and eliminating others

What is acculturation?

Assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one

What is an example of acculturation?

Immigrants adopt the holidays of their new home country while still practicing traditions from their country of origin

How does acculturation differ from assimilation?

In assimilation large parts or even all of the features of the minority culture s lost or absorbed into the host culture

How does acculturation differ form syncretism?

Cultural aspects re blended and exchanged rather than replaced in syncretism

What determines how cultural interactions play out?

Relationships of power, and attitudes of intersecting cultures

What does multiculturalism result in?

Several distinct cultures or ethnic groups coexisting within a society

What is multiculturalism likened to?

A salad bowl

How does multiculturalism differ from syncretism?

Cultures remain distinct rather than blending into one

What are instances of multiculturalism?

Multilingual cities, international cuisine, diverse religious practices, cultural festivals, legal protections for minority cultural rights

What is transculturation?

The process where cultures interact and blend to create hybrid new cultural forms rather than simply replacing one another

Where is transculturation evident?

In Latin American music

What does Latin American music combine?

African rhythms with Spanish melodies

What is cultural appropriation?

Elements of a marginalized culture adopted by a dominant group often out of context while ignoring the original cultural significance

What is cultural imperialism?

The imposition of a dominant nations culture, values, and language on a less influential society

How is cultural imperialism evident?

The expansion of U.S. fast food chains overrides local fod cultures and culinary traditions

What do dominant cultures impose?

Values, customs, language, and cultural factors

What pressures do dominant cultures impose?

Economic and military

How can minority cultures respond to dominant cultures imposing culture?

Adaptation, assimilation, resistance, and remixing

How do urban spaces foster greater multiculturism?

Through racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity

The more global pressures on an area, what is more likely to happen?

The area will experience changes that come with cultural interaction and exchange

A cultures attitudes about other ways of life inform about what?

How it will respond to increasing interconnectedness of the cultural landscape that defines power and changes the dynamics of cultural landscapes