Biology II - Unit 4 - Bacteria and Archaea & Viruses and Prions

prokaryotes

__________ are masters of adaptation

bacteria and archaea

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

prokaryotes

_________ were the first organisms to inhabit the Earth

true

True or false? Prokaryotes are much smaller than many eukaryotic cells

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

spherical (cocci)

Which prokaryotic cell shape is this?

rods (bacilli)

Which prokaryotic cell shape is this?

spiral

Which prokaryotic cell shape is this?

False, the most

True or false? prokaryotes are the least abundant organisms on earth

maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

What is the function of a cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

peptidoglycan

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

true

True or false? Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Gram-positive

______ bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

Gram-negative

_________ bacteria have less peptidoglycan

Plasmolyze

when prokaryotes lose water and shrink away from their cell wall (hypertonic environment)

True

True or false? Losing water can hurt cell reproduction

peptidoglycan

Archael cell walls do not have __________

Antibiotics

Many _______ target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls

Gram-positive

What kind of bacteria is more susceptible to peptidoglycan-targeting antibiotics?

False;some

True or false? A capsule is present in all prokaryotes.

Capsule

A sticky outer layer of polysaccharide or protein

Allows adherence to the substrate, or other individuals, and can shield pathogenic bacteria from the host immune system

What function does the capsule perform?

Endospores

A resistant, dormant structure formed inside of some bacteria that can withstand adverse conditions

Metabolically

Many prokaryotes form ____________ inactive endospores

Fimbriae

hair-like appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another.

Pili

_____ are longer than fimbriae

Conjugation

Pili allows prokaryotes to exchange DNA in a process called _________

Flagella

What structure is most commonly used by prokaryotes for movement?

Compartmentalization

Prokaryotic cells usually lack complex _________

Infoldings of the plasma memebrane

What are the specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions?

False

True or false? The prokaryotic genome has less DNA than the eukaryotic genome

Circular

What is the shape of the chromosome in the prokaryotic genome?

Nucleotide region with NO surrounding membrane

Where is the chromosome located in a prokaryotic cell?

Have

Prokaryotic cells ____ considerable genetic variation

-rapid reproduction

-mutation

-genetic recombination

What are the three factors that contribute to genetic diversity?

The sex Pili and plasmids

What in the prokaryotic cell carries out the processes for genetic diversity?

R plasmids

________ carry genes for antibiotic resistance

True

True or false? Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria, but not bacteria with specific R plasmids

natural selection

Through ___________, the fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population exposed to antibiotics

By how they obtain energy and carbon

How are prokaryotic cells categorized?

Phototrophs

_______ obtain energy from light

Chemotrophs

_______ obtain energy from chemicals

Autotrophs

__________ require CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source

Inorganic

_______ compounds are what autotrophs use for a carbon source

Heterotrophs

___________ require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

Organic

___________ nutrients are what a heterotroph requires to make organic compounds

Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph, Photoheterotroph, Chemoheterotroph

What are the four major modes of nutrition?

Chemoheterotroph

_______ does not use CO2 (uses carbs instead)

Photoheterotrophs

_______ do not metabolize Carbon

Chemoautotroph

________ uses CO2 for energy (like plants)

Photoautotroph

__________ metabolizes carbon from CO2

Stromatolite

What is an example of a photoautotroph?

prokaryotes in hydrothermal vents

What is an example of chemoautotroph?

Helio bacteria (chloroflexus) found in hot springs such as Yellowstone

What is an example of a photo heterotroph?

Food poising bacteria (clostridium)

What is an example of a chemo heterotroph?

Pathogens

Some prokaryotes are human _________, but many others have positive interactions with humans

Mutualists

Bacteria that benefit both, as these break down food that is undigested by our intestines

Bacteria

Human intestines are home to about 500-1000 species of _________

1/2

Bacteria cause about _ of all human diseases

Species

Some bacterial diseases are transmitted by other ______

Lyme disease

What is an example of a bacterial disease transmitted by other species?

Experiments

_________ using prokaryotes have led to important advances in DNA technology

The use of e.coli in gene cloning

What is an example of using bacteria for advances in DNA technology?

CRISPR-CAS

What prokaryote can alter genes in other organisms?

Bacteria

_________ can be used to make natural plastics

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

Prokaryotes can be used in bioremediation, what is bioremediation?

Ethanol

Bacteria are also being engineered to produce _______ from agricultural and municipal waste such as biomass, switchgrass, and corn

True

True or false? The waters of Laguna Salada de Torrevieja are saltier than seawater.

Laguna Salada de Torrevieja

What is the salty lagoon found in Spain?

Trillions of living prokaryotes

Where does the color of Laguna Salada de Torrevieja come from?

True

True or false? Viruses are not cells

virus

A _____ is an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat

True

True or false? Viruses are much simpler in structure than even prokaryotic cells

Reproduce, metabolism

Viruses cannot ______ or carry out _________ outside of a host cell

Viruses

_______ exist in a shady area between life forms and chemicals, leading a kind of "borrowed life"

True

True or false? Viruses were detected indirectly long before they were actually seen

1800s

In the late ______, researches hypothesized that unusually small bacteria may be responsible for tobacco mosaic disease

Did not share

Later work suggested the infectious agent _________ features with bacteria

The ability to grow on nutrient media

What is a characteristic that the infectious agent of tobacco mosaic disease did not share with bacteria?

Wendell Stanley

In 1935, _______________ confirmed this latter hypothesis by crystallizing the infectious particle, now known as tobacco mosaic virus

Double or single stranded DNA or double or single stranded RNA

What may viral genomes consist of?

DNA or RNA viruses and is either a single linear or circular molecule or the nucleus acid

How are viruses classified?

3 and 2000

Viruses have between _ and __________ genes in their genome

capsid

A ______ is the protein shell that encloses the viral genome

caposmeres

Capsids are built from protein subunits called _______

Give proteins their shape

A capsid can have a variety of structure, what does this variety of structure do?

Infect hosts

Some viruses have accessory structure that help them ________

Viral envelopes

What is derived from membranes of host cells?

Surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in ANIMALS

What do viral envelops do?

molecules

Viral envelopes contain a combination of viral and host cell ________

Bacteriophages

________ are also called phages

Bacteriophages

What are viruses that infect bacteria?

Bacteriophages

What has an elongated capsid head that encloses their DNA?

Tail

In a bacteriophages, a protein _______ attached the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA inside

True

True or false? Each virus has a host range, a limited number of host cells that in can infect

Variety of ways

The viral genome can enter the host cell in __________________

True

True or false? Once a viral genome has entered a cell, the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins.

enzymes, ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, ATP

The virus makes use of host _____, ______, ______,________,______, and other molecules

Spontaneously

Viral nucleic acid molecules and caposmeres ______ self-assemble into new viruses

True

True or false? Phages are the best understood of all viruses