Biologics: Interferons Notes
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43 Terms
Interferons
Proteins secreted by cells in response to viral infections that interfere with viral replication.
Type I Interferons
Includes IFN-α and IFN-β; activated by viruses and trigger immune responses in almost all cell types.
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
A pathway activated by interferons that transmits information from chemical signals outside the cell to the cell nucleus.
Virally infected cells
Cells that produce interferons to activate immune cells and increase resistance in uninfected cells.
PKR (Protein kinase R)
An enzyme that plays a critical role in the antiviral response by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells.
OAS (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase)
An enzyme activated by interferons that induces the degradation of viral RNA.
MxA
A protein induced by type I interferons that possesses antiviral properties.
Type II Interferons
Includes IFN-γ; primarily involved in immune responses and produced by T cells.
Type III Interferons
Includes IFN-λ; involved in antiviral responses and signal through different receptors than Types I and II.
AUTOCRINE and PARACRINE signaling
Types of signaling used by interferons where they act on the cell that produced them or nearby cells.
Immunomodulatory effects
Effects of interferons that modify the immune response, such as inhibiting inflammation.
Inhibition of viral protein synthesis
One of the mechanisms by which interferons exert their antiviral effects.
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
A viral infection that can be treated with interferon, but response varies based on genotype.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
An autoimmune disease treated with interferon beta, which modifies the immune response.
Therapeutic uses of Type I interferons
Used in therapies for viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
Cancer immunotherapy
A type of treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, partly through the use of interferons.
Adaptive immunity
The immune response that adapts and improves with exposure to pathogens, enhanced by interferons.
Gene activation
The process by which transcription factors like STATs initiate the expression of specific genes in response to interferons.
Interferons
Proteins secreted by cells in response to viral infections that interfere with viral replication.
Type I Interferons
Includes IFN-α and IFN-β; activated by viruses and trigger immune responses in almost all cell types.
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
A pathway activated by interferons that transmits information from chemical signals outside the cell to the cell nucleus.
Virally infected cells
Cells that produce interferons to activate immune cells and increase resistance in uninfected cells.
PKR (Protein kinase R)
An enzyme that plays a critical role in the antiviral response by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells.
OAS (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase)
An enzyme activated by interferons that induces the degradation of viral RNA.
MxA
A protein induced by type I interferons that possesses antiviral properties.
Type II Interferons
Includes IFN-γ; primarily involved in immune responses and produced by T cells.
Type III Interferons
Includes IFN-λ; involved in antiviral responses and signal through different receptors than Types I and II.
AUTOCRINE and PARACRINE signaling
Types of signaling used by interferons where they act on the cell that produced them or nearby cells.
Immunomodulatory effects
Effects of interferons that modify the immune response, such as inhibiting inflammation.
Inhibition of viral protein synthesis
One of the mechanisms by which interferons exert their antiviral effects.
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
A viral infection that can be treated with interferon, but response varies based on genotype.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
An autoimmune disease treated with interferon beta, which modifies the immune response.
Therapeutic uses of Type I interferons
Used in therapies for viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
Cancer immunotherapy
A type of treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, partly through the use of interferons.
Adaptive immunity
The immune response that adapts and improves with exposure to pathogens, enhanced by interferons.
Gene activation
The process by which transcription factors like STATs initiate the expression of specific genes in response to interferons.
Specific interferons classified as Type I
IFN-α and IFN-β.
Distinguishing signaling feature of Type III Interferons
They signal through different receptors than Types I and II.
Role of STAT transcription factors in interferon response
STATs initiate the expression of specific genes in response to interferons.
Specific mechanism of PKR (Protein kinase R) in antiviral response
PKR inhibits protein synthesis in cells.
Specific function of OAS (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase)
OAS induces the degradation of viral RNA.
Example of an immunomodulatory effect of interferons
Inhibiting inflammation.
Factor affecting response to interferon treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Response varies based on the genotype of the virus.