Cellular Respiration

cellular respiration

set of metabolic rxns and processes that take place in the cells to convert biochemical energy from carbs into ATP and then release waste products

respiration formula

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + ATP

aerobic ___ oxygen

requires

anaerobic _____ oxygen

does not require

stages of aerobic respiration

1. glycolysis

2. *intermediate step

3. krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

4. oxidative phosphorylation

what are the reactant(s) of glycolysis

six-carbon glucose

products of glycolysis

two three-carbon pyruvate, net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (products four but uses two)

setting for glycolysis

cytoplasm

part one of glycolysis: energy investment stage

uses ATP to phosphorylate (add phosphate group) compounds of glucose

part two of glycolysis: energy payoff stage

two three-carbon pyruvate oxidizes (loses electrons); generates 4 ATP and NAD+ is converted to NADH

product of one glucose molecule

2 net ATP; 2 NAD+ → NADH (electron carrier)

name for intermediate step

pyruvate oxidation

what happens during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)

pyruvate is transported into mitochondria to the matrix (fluid of mitochondria)

what does pyruvate convert to during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)

acetyl CoA

what used during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)

pyruvate

what is released and produced during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)

Co2 is released, 2 NADH are produced

what is the second stage (after intermediate) called for aerobic process

krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

where does krebs cycle occur

mitochondria matrix

what is used for krebs cycle

acetyl CoA

what is the product of krebs cycle

(for two cycles) co2 waste, 2 atp, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

what is the third stage called for aerobic process (after krebs cycle)

oxidative phosphorylation

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

inner mitochondrial memebra

what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation called

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

what does the electron transport chain use and what do those reactants produce

NADH and FADH2; releases electrons and H+ ions; the NAD+ and FAD+ can be reused and sent back to stage one

how does the products of the electron transport chain move

electrons are moved through the ETC and H+ is moved by proton pumps across inner mitochondrial membrane

what is a byproduct of ETC

h2o; does not make ATP directly

what is the second part of oxidative phosphorylation

chemiosmosis

what drives work for chemiosmosis

H+ gradient across membrane, moved by proton pumps

how many ATP is usually formed during chemiosmosis (second stage of oxidative phosphorylation)

30 - 34 ATP

what are the two common types of anaerobic respiration

1. alcohol fermentation

   1. lactic acid fermentation

what is pyruvate converted to during alcohol fermentation and its steps

ethanol;

1. 2 co2

   1. regenerates NAD+ so it can be reused by glycolysis

___ ATP net production of alcohol fermentation and examples

two; yeast cells

what is pyruvate reduced to by lactic acid fermentation

NADH, which regenerates NAD+

end product of lactic acid fermentation

lactate is end product; no release of co2

what are some examples of lactic acid fermentation

fungi; bacteria; to make cheese and yogurt

fermentation

keep glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+; occurs in cytosol; no oxygen needed; creates ethanol or 2 atp (from glycolysis)res

respiration

release energy from breakdown of food with O2; occurs in mitochondria; oxygen required (final electron acceptor); produces co2; h2o; and up to 32 ATP

decomp (fermentation)

bloat stage (h2 + co2 gasses from anaerobic fermentation of gut bacteria)

cavities

sugar + bacteria = plaque; bacterial fermentation → lactic acid → cavities

flatulence

h2 + co2 gasses from anaerobic fermentation of gut bacteria