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cellular respiration
set of metabolic rxns and processes that take place in the cells to convert biochemical energy from carbs into ATP and then release waste products
respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + ATP
aerobic ___ oxygen
requires
anaerobic _____ oxygen
does not require
stages of aerobic respiration
glycolysis
*intermediate step
krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
oxidative phosphorylation
what are the reactant(s) of glycolysis
six-carbon glucose
products of glycolysis
two three-carbon pyruvate, net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (products four but uses two)
setting for glycolysis
cytoplasm
part one of glycolysis: energy investment stage
uses ATP to phosphorylate (add phosphate group) compounds of glucose
part two of glycolysis: energy payoff stage
two three-carbon pyruvate oxidizes (loses electrons); generates 4 ATP and NAD+ is converted to NADH
product of one glucose molecule
2 net ATP; 2 NAD+ → NADH (electron carrier)
name for intermediate step
pyruvate oxidation
what happens during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)
pyruvate is transported into mitochondria to the matrix (fluid of mitochondria)
what does pyruvate convert to during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)
acetyl CoA
what used during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)
pyruvate
what is released and produced during intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)
Co2 is released, 2 NADH are produced
what is the second stage (after intermediate) called for aerobic process
krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
where does krebs cycle occur
mitochondria matrix
what is used for krebs cycle
acetyl CoA
what is the product of krebs cycle
(for two cycles) co2 waste, 2 atp, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
what is the third stage called for aerobic process (after krebs cycle)
oxidative phosphorylation
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
inner mitochondrial memebra
what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation called
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
what does the electron transport chain use and what do those reactants produce
NADH and FADH2; releases electrons and H+ ions; the NAD+ and FAD+ can be reused and sent back to stage one
how does the products of the electron transport chain move
electrons are moved through the ETC and H+ is moved by proton pumps across inner mitochondrial membrane
what is a byproduct of ETC
h2o; does not make ATP directly
what is the second part of oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
what drives work for chemiosmosis
H+ gradient across membrane, moved by proton pumps
how many ATP is usually formed during chemiosmosis (second stage of oxidative phosphorylation)
30 - 34 ATP
what are the two common types of anaerobic respiration
alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
what is pyruvate converted to during alcohol fermentation and its steps
ethanol;
2 co2
regenerates NAD+ so it can be reused by glycolysis
___ ATP net production of alcohol fermentation and examples
two; yeast cells
what is pyruvate reduced to by lactic acid fermentation
NADH, which regenerates NAD+
end product of lactic acid fermentation
lactate is end product; no release of co2
what are some examples of lactic acid fermentation
fungi; bacteria; to make cheese and yogurt
fermentation
keep glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+; occurs in cytosol; no oxygen needed; creates ethanol or 2 atp (from glycolysis)res
respiration
release energy from breakdown of food with O2; occurs in mitochondria; oxygen required (final electron acceptor); produces co2; h2o; and up to 32 ATP
decomp (fermentation)
bloat stage (h2 + co2 gasses from anaerobic fermentation of gut bacteria)
cavities
sugar + bacteria = plaque; bacterial fermentation → lactic acid → cavities
flatulence
h2 + co2 gasses from anaerobic fermentation of gut bacteria
