Solutions, Acids and Bases

Flashcards about Solutions, Acids, and Bases

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures of substances composed of at least one solute and one solvent.

Solvent

The medium in which the solute is dissolved.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Aqueous solutions

Solutions in which water is the solvent.

Electrolytes

Compounds whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity.

Non-electrolytes

Compounds whose aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity.

Dissociation

The separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves in water.

Ions

Electrically charged particles.

Dissociation Equations

Shows the separation of ions in a chemical equation, not including the solvent.

Bases (Arrhenius)

Ionic compounds containing the hydroxide ion (OH-) that dissolve into cations and OH– (aq) in water.

Acids (Arrhenius)

Molecular compounds containing hydrogen that yield H+ (aq) ions when they dissolve in water.

Ionization

The reaction of neutral molecular compounds forming charged ions.

Concentration

A ratio comparing the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution.

Dilute

A solution with a relatively small quantity of solute per volume of solution.

Concentrated

A solution with a relatively large quantity of solute per volume of solution.

Molar Concentration

The amount of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Standard Solution

Solutions with precisely known concentrations.

Dilution

Decreasing the concentration of a solution, usually by adding more solvent.

Stock Solution

The initial starting solution from which samples are taken for a dilution.

Saturated solution

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature.

Solubility

The concentration of a saturated solution, often expressed in mol/L or g/100mL.

Dynamic equilibrium

When two opposing reactions occur at the same rate.

Acid (Empirical)

A substance that dissolves in water to produce a solution that tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, conducts electricity, reacts with active metals to produce H2(g), and neutralizes bases.

Base (Empirical)

A substance that dissolves in water to produce a solution that tastes bitter, feels slippery, turns red litmus blue, conducts electricity, and neutralizes acids.

Acid (Arrhenius)

A substance that forms an acidic solution by dissolving in water to produce free hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) in solution.

Base (Arrhenius)

A substance that forms a basic solution by dissolving in water to produce free hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) in solution.

Acid (Modified)

A species that forms an acidic solution by reacting with water to produce hydronium ions (H3O+(aq)).

Base (Modified)

A species that forms a basic solution by reacting with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)).

Hydronium Ion

A hydrated proton (H3O+(aq)).

Acid-base indicators

Substances that change color when the acidity of the solution changes.

Neutralization Reactions

The reaction between hydronium and hydroxide ions to produce water.

Weak Acid

Acids whose characteristic properties are less than those of a common strong acid.

Strong Acid

Acids with high conductivity, high rate of reaction with metals and carbonates, and a relatively low pH.

Strong Bases

Bases with a high electrical conductivity, fast reaction rate, and a very high pH.

Weak Bases

Bases with a low electrical conductivity, slower reaction rate, and a pH closer to, but greater than, 7.

Polyprotic Acids

acids that contain more than one acidic hydrogen and can react more than once with water

Polyprotic Bases

bases that can react more than once with water