Exam 1 Human Development

Evolutionary developmental theory emphasizes the interactive influence of ______________ in development.

genes and environment

______ theories describe development and behavior as a result of the interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts of which we are unaware and cannot control.

Psychoanalytic

______, which emerged as an alternative to psychoanalytic theories, focuses only on behavior that can be observed and objectively verified.

Behaviorism

Regarding the nature–nurture issue, today's developmental scientists agree that ______.

both nature and nuture are important

Scientists generate ______ or proposed explanations for a given phenomenon that can be tested by research.

hypotheses

A ______ is a way of organizing a set of observations or facts into comprehensive explanations of how something works.

theory

______ development is characterized by slow and gradual change, whereas ______ development is characterized by abrupt change.

Continuous;discontinuous

______ development includes the maturation of our thought processes and the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems.

Cognitive

Erikson focused on the role of ______ in shaping development.

the social world, society, and culture

The ______ research design compares groups of people at different ages, at one time.

cross-sectional

Infancy and toddlerhood age range

birth to 2 years

Early childhood age range

2 to 6 years

Middle childhood age range

6 to 11 years

Adolescence age range

11 to 18 years

Early Adulthood age range

18 to 40 years

Middle adulthood age range

40 to 65 years

Late adulthood age range

65 years and beyond

When conducting research, investigators are bound by ______ or the determination of what is right and wrong.

ethics

Sequential research designs combine the best features of ______ and ______ research.

cross-sectional; longitudinal

A(n) _______ perspective highlights the dynamic interrelations of social categories (e.g., race, class, gender, age, etc.) and social inequities that shape an individual's lived experience

intersectional

Research illustrates that development consists of both gains and losses, as well as growth and decline, throughout the lifespan. This means that development is ______.

Multidirectional

______ refers to where and when a person develops.

Context

Throughout the lifespan, we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. This illustrates the notion that development is ______.

multidimensional

Which theory emphasizes the role of contexts, stating that an individual's development is a result of the individual and the contexts they are embedded interacting with each other?

Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory

According to ______, observational learning is one of the most powerful ways in which we learn.

social learning theory

______ theory was the first to consider how infants and children think, as well as their active contributions to their own development.

Piaget’s

Due to recent advances in genetics and fetal medicine, ______ can repair defects of the heart, lung, urinary tract, and other areas.

fetal surgery

Why do some researchers believe it may someday be possible to detect harmful genes in human embryos and replace them with healthy ones?

This approach has been used to correct certain heritable disorders in animals.

The genes within each chromosome can be expressed in different forms, or ______, that influence a variety of physical characteristics.

alleles

Lara examines how genes and experiences combine to influence the diversity of human traits, abilities, and behaviors. What does she study?

Behavior genetics\

Our genetic makeup, inherited from our biological parents, consists of a complex blend of hereditary characteristics known as ______.

genotype

Genes are ______.

the blueprint for creating all of the traits that organisms carry

The ______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the ______ will develop.

blastocyst;embryo

Which of the following methods of prenatal diagnosis carries the least amount of risk to a developing fetus?

ultrasound

The ______ becomes the nervous system and the ______ becomes the respiratory system.

ectoderm;endoderm

When is prenatal screening likely to be recommended?

when genetic counseling has determined a risk of genetic abnormalities

Newborn babies are screened with an Apgar test. This test assesses the infant's ______.

immediate help

______ refers to the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences.

Heritability

A(n) ______ is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development, producing a birth defect.

teratogen

Kangaroo care is when a newborn baby ______.

is placed vertically on a parent's chest

Genes are composed of stretches of ______, a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase.

DNA

In some instances, a(n) ______ causes a sudden change and abnormality in the structure of genes.

mutation

______ is a medical specialty that helps prospective parents determine the risk that their children will inherit genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities.

Genetic counseling

Due to lateralization, the left and right hemispheres rarely interact. (True or False)

False

Which type of brain development depends on contextual and cultural circumstances of a child's life?

experience-dependent brain development

Cognitive reserve refers to _______.

the brain's ability to make flexible and efficient use of available brain resources

Newborns show adult-like hearing and perceive and discriminate nearly all sounds in human languages. (True or False)

True

The loss of unused neural connections is a process called ______.

synaptic pruning

Which part of the brain is responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning?

Cerebreullum

The rate of growth is most rapid during ______.

Infancy

The creation of new neurons is called ______.

neurogenesis

Which area of the brain is least likely to show a peak in synaptogenesis in the first year of life?

Prefrontal cortex

The nervous system's communication links are called ______.

Synapses

The ability to control the large movements of the body is called ______.

gross motor development

______ refers to the process of the hemispheres of the brain becoming specialized to carry out different functions.

Lateralization

Neurogenesis continues throughout life. (True or False)

True

When the brain depends on experiencing certain basic events and stimuli at key points in time in order to develop normally, it is called ______.

experience-expectant brain development

The dual process model of brain development states that during adolescence ________. 

the limbic system has a burst in development before the prefrontal cortex

Frontal Lobe: Correctly match the lobe with its specific functions.

planning, decision-making, movement, speech

Parietal Lobe: Correctly match the lobe with its specific functions.

spatial awareness, tactile processing

Occipital Lobe: Correctly match the lobe with its specific functions.

visual processing

Temporal lobe: Corrrectly match the lobe with its specific functions.

short-term memory, language, auditory processing

The human brain's ability to change its organization and function in response to experience throughout the life span is known as ______.

plasticity

A structure deep in the temporal lobe that plays a key role in memory and related functions is the ______.

hippocampus