DNA Unit Test

Nucleotides

Linked to phosphate group & are basic structual unit of DNA

Adenine

Nucleaic Acid : Links with Thymine

Thymine

Nucleaic Acid : Links with Adenine

Guanine

Nucleaic Acid : Links with Cytosine

Cytosine

Nucleaic Acid : Links with Guanine

Uracil

Nucleaic Acid : Pairs with Adinine in RNA

Griffith

Discovered DNA acts as the carrier of genetic information

Avery

showed that DNA was the "transforming principle." When isolated from one strain of bacteria, DNA was able to transform another strain and confer characteristics onto that second strain. DNA was carrying hereditary information.

Chargaff

He discovered that the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal.

Franklin

She discovered the double-helix structure of DNA with x-rays

Watson & Crick

Also discovered double-helix (were awarded)

DNA

carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.

Genes

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA.

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.(DNA fibers coated with proteins) + (hundrads to thousands of genes)

double-helix

Each molecule of DNA is a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs. (allows for DNA replecation and protein synthesis to occur by unwinding to allow DNA copy to be made)

base pairs

hydrogen containing nucleotides that pair (ATGCU)

replecation of DNA

the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.

Helicase

enzymes that break unwind the double helix into single strands of DNA

DNA Polymerase

enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules. (replecates DNA)

Cell Division

Mitosis & Meosis

Protein Synthesis

the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes. It generally includes transcription, translation, and post-translational events, such as protein folding, modifications, and proteolysis

transcription

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase is a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription.

mRNA

messenger RNA (tells body how to make proteins)

Codons

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. (coding to create Amino acids or a stop signal to protein synthesis)

tRNA

Transfer RNA, decodes mRNA sequences + carries aminos acids to the protein being formed

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, form the core of the cell's ribosomes (where protein synthesis takes place)

STOP codon

(UAA, UAG, UGA)

Start codon

DNA - ATG, RNA- AUG

anticodons

three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence.

Point

three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence. (changed)

Insertion

Mutation which extra base pair is added

Deletion

Mutation which base pair is missing/deleted

frameshift

a mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is inserted or deleted so as to change the reading frame of some triplet codons during genetic translation.

Nonsense

results in a premature stop codon (usally non-functional protein)

Missense

a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Silent

Do not have an observable affect on the protein

Endogenous

produced inside organism/cell

Exogenous

produced outside organism/cell

GMOs

genetically-motified organism

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals

Gel Electrophoresis

a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.