Honors Bio Review

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Observation: Noticing something in the natural world.

Hypothesis

A testable explanation or prediction about a phenomenon.

What is an experiment?

A procedure to test the hypothesis.

Data Collection

Gathering measurable information during the experiment.

Analysis

Interpreting the data and comparing results to the hypothesis.

What does a conclusion do in the scientific method?

Determines if the hypothesis was supported or refuted.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Experimental Group

The group that is exposed to the experimental treatment.

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other (e.g., surface tension).

What is the universal solvent?

Water, which dissolves many substances due to its polarity.

Define enzyme.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

What do reactants do in a chemical reaction?

Reactants are substances that undergo the reaction.

Define isotopes.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Define polar molecule.

Molecules with unequal charge distribution (e.g., water).

Definition of Eukaryotic cells.

Cells that have membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animals, plants, fungi).

What is the role of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

What does glycolysis produce?

Breaks glucose into pyruvate and produces small ATP.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

To produce two identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

What is crossing-over during meiosis?

The process where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, increasing genetic diversity.

What is a haploid cell?

A cell that contains one set of chromosomes, produced during meiosis.

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

Sexual reproduction, producing gametes with genetic diversity.

Define active transport.

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient that requires energy.

What is the phosopholipid bilayer?

The cell membrane composed of two layers of phospholipids.

Define qualitative data.

Descriptive data (e.g., color, texture, appearance).

What happens during telophase of mitosis?

New nuclear membranes form around the separated chromatids, and chromosomes begin to uncoil.

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

What do enzymes require to function?

Proteins for both passive and active transport.

What is the fluid mosaic model?

The model describing the structure of the cell membrane as fluid with proteins embedded within it.

What does kinetic energy refer to?

Energy an object has due to its motion.

Define constants in an experiment.

Factors in an experiment that are kept the same across all groups.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Absorbs light, primarily blue and red light.

Define qualitative data.

Descriptive data (e.g., color, texture, appearance).

What are daughter cells produced by meiosis?

Four genetically distinct haploid cells, each with half the chromosome number of the original diploid cell.

Define hypothesis in the scientific method.

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on prior knowledge, testable and falsifiable.