Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1

anatomical position

standing face forward, arms by side, palms facing outwards

proximal/distal

close/far from point of attachment

superficial/deep

near surface (skin)/ towards interior of body

medial/lateral

towards/away from the midline

superior/inferior

above/below reference point

anterior/posterior

front/back of body

supination/pronation

lying face up/down

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

systematic anatomy

study of body systems

regional anatomy

study of body regions

surface anatomy

studies external features

gross anatomy

studies structures visible with the naked eye

integumentary system

organs: skin, nails, hair, & glands

functions: protects the body from infection & injuries you could get from your external environment; regulates body temp

skeletal system

organs: bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, joints

functions: gives the body shape, protects organs, stores minerals, helps you move, creates new blood cells

muscular system

organs: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle

functions: voluntary & involuntary movement

nervous system

organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

functions: send messages from various parts of your body to your brain & from your brain back to your body to tell it what to do

endocrine system

organs: endocrine glands & organs (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas), tissues

functions: release hormones into your blood while continuously monitoring the levels

cardiovascular system

organs: heart, blood vessels

functions: circulate blood & transport vital substances like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide

lymphatic system

organs: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes

functions: collecting excess fluid from your body’s tissues and returning it to your bloodstream, help body absorb facts, protect body against invaders

respiratory system

organs: lungs, airways, diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose, mouth

functions: warms and adds moisture to the air you breathe in, protects your body from particles you breathe in

digestive system

organs: gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract

functions: breaks down and absorbs nutrients from the food and liquids you consume

urinary system

organs: both kidneys, both ureters, bladder, urethra

functions: filters your blood to get rid of what your body doesn’t need

male reproductive system

organs: penis, scrotum, testicles, vas deferens, prostate gland, urethra

functions: produce, maintain, and transport sperm cells and semen; discharge sperm; produce and secrete male sex hormones

female reproductive system

organs: ovaries

functions: reproduce, menstruate

7 stuctural levels of the body

1. chemical: smallest level (atoms)

2. organelle: basic component of cells (nucleus)

3. cell: basic unit of life

4. tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and function (connective tissue)

5. organ: group of 2 or more tissue types (heart)

6. organ system: group of organs (cardiovascular system)

7. organism: all structural levels working together

9 characteristics of life

1. organization (7 structural levels)

2. cells (all living matter contains at least one cell)

3. metabolism (food is converted to ATP)

4. development (changes in form and function over time)

5. growth (increase in size)

6. excitability/responsiveness (respond to external stimuli)

7. reproduction (formation of new cells/ organisms)

8. evolution (genetic changes from generation to generation)

9. homeostasis (internal regulation)

homeostasis

maintain balance and internal regulation (ex: body temp)

variable

conditions that change (ex: environmental temp)

set point

ideal, normal value (ex: 98.6 degree body temp)

negative feedback

mechanisms that regulate homeostasis; negative meaning a deviation from set point (ex: chills)

positive feedback

deviation from set point becomes greater, can make a bad situation worse, can lead to death (ex: happens during labor; in that case it is good)

axial region

central axis including head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

upper & lower limbs (arms and legs)

thoracic cavity

contains mediastinum, pleural cavity, & pericardial cavity

abdominal cavity

contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, and much of the colon (large intestine)

pelvic cavity

contains certain sex organs, urinary bladder, rectum, and part of the colon

mediastinum

contains the great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi

right upper quadrant

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon

right lower quadrant

small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder

left upper quadrant

liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, transverse colon

left lower quadrant

small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder

serous membrane

covers organs & lines body cavities

pericardial cavity

shields the heart

peritoneal cavity

contains the liver, most of the small intestine, much of the colon, and part of the pancreas

mesentery

fold of tissue that attaches the intestines to the back wall of the abdomen

pleural cavity

each ones surrounds a lung

saggital plane

separates body into left & right halves

frontal plane

separates body into anterior & posterior

transverse plane

separates body into superior & inferior

energy

the ability to do work

kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

stored energy

chemical energy

occurs when chemicals bonds are formed or broken during chemical reactions

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (nucleic acid); type of potential energy; contains nitrogenous base, sugar, and 3 phosphate bonds; when ATP is broken down (phosphate bonds are broken) energy is released

chemical reaction

making or breaking chemical bonds

reactants

what is put into the reaction

products

result of reaction

synthesis

builds molecules, energy is required (Na + Cl →NaCl)

decomposition

breaks molecules, energy is released (NaCl → Na + Cl)

ways enzymes are denatured

pH, salt, temp

function of enzymes

speed up chemical reactions without being changed or used up by the reaction

primary structure of enzymes

sequence of a chain of amino acids

secondary structure of enzymes

hydrogen bonding of peptide backbone causes amino acids to hold into repeating pattern

tertiary structure of enzymes

3-D folding pattern of protein due to side chain interactions

quanternary structure of enzymes

protein with one or more amino acid chain

atom

smallest particle of an element

protons

positive charge, inside the nucleus

neutrons

neutral charge, inside the nucleus

electrons

negative charge, outside the nucleus

molecule

2 or more chemically joined atoms; covalent bonds (ex: O₂)

compound

molecule composed of 2 or more different elements (ex: CO₂

chemical bond

occurs when electrons are tranferred or shared between atoms

ion

charged particles (Na+ or Cl-)

ionic bonds

relatively weak attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions (anion and cation)

what happens when atoms gain or lose electrons?

they become ions (lose → cation ; gain → anion)

covalent bonds

strongest type of bond, 2 atoms share electrons

polar bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar bonds

equal sharing of electrons (stronger)

what is the characteristic of water that makes it essential to the existence of life?

water is polar → allows water to interact with and dissolve many substances, which is important for biological processes

acids

donate protons, pH under 7 (ex: HCl)

bases

accept protons, pH above 7 (ex: NaOH)

4 types of macromolecules found in living things

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrate: monomer, elements, function, ex

monomer: monosaccharide

elements: C,H,O

function: dietary energy, storage, plant structure

ex: glucose (mainly anything ending in -ose)

lipid: monomer, elements, function, ex

monomer: fatty acids & glycerol

elements: C,H,O

function: long term energy storage & hormones

ex: testosterone

protein: monomer, elements, function, ex

monomer: amino acids

elements: C,H,O,N

function: structure, storage, transport

nucleic acid: monomer, elements, function, ex

monomer: nucleotides

elements: C,H,O,N,P

function: information storage

ex: DNA & RNA

what is the importance of a proteins shape to its function?

the shape determines its exact job and how it interacts with other molecules in the body

extracellular

material found outside the cell

intracellular

material found inside the cell

polar region of phospholipid

head contains phosphate (polar part)

hydrophilic (water loving): exposed to water

nonpolar region of phospholipid

tails contains fatty acids (lipids) (non polar part)

hydrophobic (water fearing): away from water

lysosome

location: cytoplasm

functions: has enzymes that digest foreign material

smooth ER (lacks ribosomes)

location: cytoplasm

functions: lipid synthesis & detoxifies drugs and poisons

secretary vesicle

location: cytoplasm

functions: distributes materials out of the cell

cytoplasm

location: inside the cell

functions: gives the cell shape and holds organelles in place

golgi apparatus

location: cytoplasm

function: collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins & lipids

nucleolus

location: in nucleus

functions: produces ribosomes

nucleus

location: center of the cell

functions: stores and synthesizes DNA & RNA

rough ER (has ribosomes)

location: near nucleus

functions: site of protein synthesis, transports proteins