Circulatory System, Thermodynamics and Material Properties

These flashcards cover the key concepts related to the circulatory system, heart structure and function, blood vessels and blood types, ECGs, cardiovascular disease, gas exchange in the lungs, ventilation, lung capacity, kidney function, osmoregulation, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, material properties, and related calculations.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

Heart's pacemaker, responsible for regular contraction of the heart muscle

What is cardiac output?

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

What is stroke volume?

Volume of blood in milliliters, pumped out of the heart at each beat

What is the function of arteries?

Withstand high blood pressure; alter diameter of lumen to vary blood flow; allow walls to stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow; low friction surface to ease blood flow; narrow lumen

What is the key feature of veins, related to blood flow?

Have valves to stop backflow, ensuring a one-way flow of blood toward the heart

What blood type is known as the universal donor?

O Rh-negative

What does the P-wave represent on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Time of atrial systole

What does the QRS complex represent on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Time of ventricular systole

What is the T wave caused by on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Repolarization of the ventricles during diastole

What do diuretics do?

Reduce high blood pressure

What do statins do?

Reduce LDL (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) by inhibiting enzyme in the liver

What is the primary ethical consideration when using Daphnia in experiments?

Simple nervous system, so ethically less of an issue than a mammal

What is the purpose of the pleural membrane?

Provide protection and lubrication, allowing the lungs to expand and contract easily without being damaged by other organs

How do gases exchange in the alveoli?

By diffusion

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Contracts and moves down to become flat

What happens to the thoracic cavity (chest) during inspiration?

Volume increases

What happens to air pressure in the lungs compared to the outside during inspiration?

Pressure decreases

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

The elastic fibres in the alveoli shrink, increase pressure and air is squeezed out.

What 5 aspects of lung function can be measured by a spirometer?

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume

What is the function of the nephron?

Functional unit of the kidney, filtering toxins such as urea from the blood and osmoregulation.

What happens during the first stage in producing urine?

Filtering of the blood in the Bowman's capsule

The majority of what is returned to the blood in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Filtrate

What happens when the level of the blood concentration changes?

The amount of ADH released changes to maintain a dynamic equilibrium.

What is removed by dialysis?

Toxic waste such as urea.

What would be suggested by plasma protein in the urine?

Damage to kidney membranes

What does a low pH mean?

That a solution is acidic.

What must the fluids in a human body be to prevent the denaturing of proteins, such as enzymes?

Between pH 7.35 and 7.45.

What is the function of the afferent arteriole entering the glomerulus?

It is wider to ensure filtrate formation

What do the structures within the cortex do?

Filtering toxins, such as urea from the blood.

Calculate the Surface Area of a cube (SA), if V (volume) = 4 X 4 x 4 = 64 cm3, 5A = G- X 4 X 4 - -9G cm2

1. 6 * 4 * 4 = 96 cm^2. 2. The Surface Area to Volume ratio equals 1.52

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

Controls movements of substances in and out of cells. Maintains the osmotic balance of the internal environment. Allows the cell to be recognized by chemicals, for example by hormones.

State the types of transport involved if the concentration is high to low concentration

Diffusion. Facilitated diffusion. Osmosis.

State the definition of osmosis?

Diffusion of free water molecules from a solution with high water potential to a solution with low water potential through a partially permeable membrane.

How does the ATP molecule release energy?

When the bond between the third and second phosphate is broken by hydrolysis.

What role do metal oxides play in agriculture?

Neutralise acidic soil

Name 3 factors to consider when choosing between aluminium and titanium?

Density. Cost. Resistance to corrosion

What are the products when molten alumina is electrolysed using the Hall-Heroult process?

Aluminium. Oxygen gas

What are the products of the electrolysis of brine?

Chlorine. Hydrogen. Sodium hydroxide

Why does the diaphragm cell need replacing regularly?

The diaphram cannot be replaced

What are some of the most important reactions of Alkanes?

Combustion. Reaction with halogens

True or False; The high electron density influences many of the chemical reactions of alkenes

True

What are the Key rules for naming hydrocarbons?

Longest unbranched chain of carbon atoms. Side Chains. Key functional groups. Numbering position of side chains

Name the process of joining together of many alkene monomers

Addition Polymerisation

What is endothermic reaction?

Energy is transferred to the system from surroundings.

What is exothermic reaction

Energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings

In thermodynamics, the symbol for standard conditions is °. True or False?

True

Name 5 things that happen when heat is transfered into material

1 Change of either a. Temperature. or B. State such as Change of State , (Solid, liquid & Gas)

Is condensation or vaporization and example of sensible or latent heat

Latent Heat

True or False : An ideal gas would make a perfect standard thermometer?

True

State one way, heat, can be described from a system's prospective

Heat Transfer Q can be positive or negative value

There are several equivalent ways of states. Name 3 ways to state the laws

A) A natural force can never be reversed in its entirety. B) It is it is impossible to completely change heat into work. C) The entropy is always increasing

Adiabatic processes is described as two things, what are they

Work input-internal energy. or Compressing a gas leads to a corresponding temperature rise

There are three aspects of engine, name them

1. Heat Engines - Steam turbines. 2 Heat Engines- Internal combustion. 3 Piston & Crack Case

What are the properties of what a Heat Engine has to be

Burn Food energy at a temperature. Reject heat from it's surface Safe. For micro machines Micro Combined.

Name 3 methods to describe Refrigation

A Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Alanes. B Ammonia- C Carbon-dioxide

What is the defintion of a elastic

Behaviou is the ability of a material to spring back to its original shape and size after being stretched squashed or otherwise distorted

Name what what the abbreviation UTS mean?

Ultimate Tensile Strength

True Or False Plasticity is a name of that able to be formed that described material experience to change without change without breaking

True

With fluids, name what occurs at higher rates.

Turbulent Flow

Name 3 factors or benefits of volume or preesure

LIQUIDS in PIPE. LIQUIDS ARE. BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE