Chapter 11 Notes - Meiosis and Genetics

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62 Terms

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Codominance
________- where both alleles of a gene are expressed completely.
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Gametogenesis
________- the production of gametes, which includes meiosis and other changes that produce a mature cell.
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Fertilization
________ restores the diploid number in the resulting offspring.
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Punnet
________ square- a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross.
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Barr bodies
________- In females, 1 of the 2 X chromosomes is randomly turned by X chromosome inactivation.
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Mendel
________ mated plants with specific traits by removing the male part of flowers, preventing self- pollination and fertilizing female parts with pollen with sperm cells from a different plant, creating hybrids.
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DNA
________ in your body cells is not passed on to your offspring.
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Nondisjunction
________- when the members of a chromosome pair fail to separate → one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosomes and another gamete receives no copy of that chromosome.
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Polygenic traits
________- two or more genes interact to influence the phenotype.
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Prophase
________ I- nuclear membrane and nucleolus breaks down, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers assemble.
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Probability
________- the likelihood that a particular event will happen; predicts average.
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Chromosome number
________ does not affect complexity of an organism.
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Gametes
________- (sex cells) germ cells in your reproductive organs that develop into eggs or sperm.
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Recombination
________- any mixing of parental alleles.
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Telophase
________ I- the nuclear membrane forms again in some species, spindle fibers disassemble, cell undergoes cytokinesis.
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Trisomy
________- when the zygote gets three copies of a chromosome.
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Meiosis
________- a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells.
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Traits
________- distinguishing characteristics that are inherited.
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Genetic linkage
________- genes located close together tend to be inherited together; genes far apart are more likely to assort independently.
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nervous system
Huntington's disease- damages the ________ and appears during adulthood.
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Polar bodies
________- cells with little more than DNA that are are eventually broken down.
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pair of homologous chromosomes
Each gene has a locus- a specific position on a(n) ________.
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Anaphase I
________- the paired homologous chromosomes separate from each other and move toward opposite poles of the cell; the sister chromatids remain together.
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Carrier
________- does not show disease symptoms but can pass on the disease- causing allele.
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recessive alleles
Pedigree- a chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry ________.
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Genotype
________- refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes.
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Testcross
________- a cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with the recessive phenotype.
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Phenotype
________- the physical characteristics of an individual organism.
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Multiple alleles
________- genes that have more than two possible alleles that can be inherited.
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Hybrids
________- offspring of crosses between different parents.
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Dihybrid
________ cross- crosses that examine the inheritance of two different traits.
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interphase
There is no ________ or DNA replication between the two stages of meiosis.
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Blood type
________ in humans is the result of multiple alleles.
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Prophase II
________- the nuclear membrane and nucleolus breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers assemble.
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Telophase II
________- nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, spindle fibers break down, nucleolus reforms, cell undergoes cytokinesis.
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Haploid cells
________- gametes; they have one copy of each chromosome.
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X chromosome
________ has more influence over phenotype.
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Gene
________- a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein.
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fertilization
the actual fusion of an egg and a sperm cell
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haploid cells
gametes; they have one copy of each chromosome
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Meiosis
a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells
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Meiosis I
divides homologous chromosomes, producing 2 haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes
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Prophase I
nuclear membrane and nucleolus breaks down, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers assemble
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Metaphase I
the homologous chromosome pairs are lined up along the middle of the cell by spindle fibers
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Anaphase I
the paired homologous chromosomes separate from each other and move toward opposite poles of the cell; the sister chromatids remain together
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Telophase I
the nuclear membrane forms again in some species, spindle fibers disassemble, cell undergoes cytokinesis
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Meiosis II
divides sister chromatids and results in unpaired chromosomes
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Prophase II
the nuclear membrane and nucleolus breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers assemble
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Metaphase II
spindle fibers align the 23 chromosomes at the cell equator
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Anaphase II
sister chromatids are puled apart from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase II
nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, spindle fibers break down, nucleolus reforms, cell undergoes cytokinesis
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traits
distinguishing characteristics that are inherited
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genetics
the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation in organisms
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hybrids
offspring of crosses between different parents
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cross
the mating of two organisms
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gene
a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein
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allele
any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a specific locus
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homozygous
two of the same alleles at a specific locus; identical to each other
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heterozygous
two different alleles at a specific locus
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genome
all of an organism's genetic material
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genotype
refers to the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes
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phenotype
the physical characteristics of an individual organism