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What are qualitative observations in chemistry?
Qualitative observations are descriptive and include characteristics that can be observed but not measured (e.g., color, smell).
What are quantitative observations in chemistry?
Quantitative observations involve measurements expressed as numbers (e.g., height, mass).
How are ionic bonds formed?
Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in positive and negative ions.
What occurs in covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons.
What is an ion?
An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
What is an anion?
An anion is a negatively charged ion that gains an electron.
What is a cation?
A cation is a positively charged ion that loses an electron.
What are physical properties?
Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, melting point).
What are chemical properties?
Chemical properties describe how a substance reacts with other substances (e.g., flammability, reactivity).
What is a physical change?
A physical change alters the form of a substance but not its chemical composition (e.g., melting ice).
What is a chemical change?
A chemical change results in the formation of new substances (e.g., rusting iron).
What does the Particle Theory of Matter state?
All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion, affected by temperature and have attractive forces between them.
What is the atomic mass roughly equal to?
The atomic mass is roughly equal to the sum of protons and neutrons.
What is a compound in chemistry?
A compound is a substance made from two or more different atoms (e.g., water, H₂O).
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
A molecule is any two or more atoms bonded together, while a compound is a molecule that contains at least two different types of atoms.
What do insulators do?
Insulators are materials that do not allow electrical current to flow easily (e.g., rubber).
What do conductors do?
Conductors are materials that allow electrical current to flow easily (e.g., copper).
What happens when an object is grounded?
Grounding provides a path for excess charge to dissipate into the earth, neutralizing the charge of an object.
What is the Law of Attraction and Repulsion?
Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.
What do ammeters measure?
Ammeters measure electric current in amperes (A).
What do voltmeters measure?
Voltmeters measure electric potential difference in volts (V).
What are the three ways to charge an object?
Friction, conduction, and induction.
What does the electrostatic series help determine?
The electrostatic series helps determine which materials will cling more to each other based on their position in the list.
What is a series circuit?
A series circuit has components arranged in a single path where current flows through each component in sequence.
What is a parallel circuit?
A parallel circuit has components arranged in multiple paths, allowing current to flow through different paths simultaneously.
What is the formula for calculating efficiency?
Efficiency (%) = (Useful output energy / Total input energy) × 100.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy using carbon dioxide and water.
What is a producer?
Producers are organisms that produce their own energy via photosynthesis (e.g., plants).
What is a food web?
A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains representing the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
What does a sustainable ecosystem maintain?
A sustainable ecosystem maintains its biodiversity and productivity over time without depleting resources.
What do renewable energy sources include?
Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy.
What is the Solar Nebula Theory?
A model that explains the formation of the solar system from a giant cloud of gas and dust.
What occurs during a solar eclipse?
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking the Sun's light.
Why is Pluto no longer classified as a planet?
Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet due to its size and the criteria set by the International Astronomical Union for defining a planet.
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