AP LANG GRAMMAR CH 1

Noun

person, place, thing, or idea

common noun

names any one of a group of persons, places, things or ideas

(ex. box, army, town)

proper noun

names a particular person, place, thing, or idea

(ex. Mount Everest, South Plain field, New Jersey)

Concrete noun

names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses

(ex. flower, wall, item)

Abstract noun

names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic (

ex. sadness, strength, charm)

Collective noun

singular in form but names a group

(ex. cluster, audience, batch)

Compound noun

Consists of two or more words that together name a person, place, thing or an idea. It can be written as one word, separate words, or as a hyphenated word.

(ex.
[1 word] sidewalk, tablecloth,
[2 words] attorney general, telephone pole, Empire State Building,
[hyphenated word] daughter-in-law, great-grandfather)

Pronoun

a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns

(ex. he/she, they/them)

Antecedent of the pronoun

word that a pronoun stands for/replaces

Personal pronoun

refers to the one speaking (first person) and the one spoken to (second person, or the one spoken about (third person)

(ex. [first person] I, me, my, mine, we, us our ours [second person] you, your, yours [third person] he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs)

Reflexive pronoun

refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of preposition

(ex. myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves)

(ex. I taught myself. Help yourself. They enjoyed themselves)

Intensive Pronoun

emphasizes its antecedent

(ex.
Subject: "The team themselves planned the trip".
Object: "He himself decided to quit".
Following a noun: "The manager, she herself, apologized".
Separated by a clause: "She, by herself, tackled the challenge".)

Demonstrative pronouns

Points out a specific person, place, thing or idea

(ex. this, that, these, those)
(ex.
"That looks like the car I used to drive".
"What is that?".
"These are my favorite shoes".
"I like those cookies the best".)

Interrogative pronouns

Introduces a question

(ex. What, which, who, whom, whose)
(ex.
What is your name?
Where are you?
Whose keys are those?)

Relative pronouns

Introduces an adjective clause

(ex. that, which, who, whom, whose)
(ex. The house [that] you saw is a historical landmark)
(ex. She is the woman [who] is running for mayor)

Indefinite pronoun

Refers to a person, a place, thing, or an idea, that may or not be specifically names

(ex. all, another, each other, either, everybody, most, much, neither, nothing, several, some,such, something)

(ex.
Something: is in my eye.
Everybody: laughed at the joke.
Nobody: could stop laughing.
Anything: from the menu is delicious.
Nobody: knows the truth.
Someone: asked me to dance.)

Adjective

Modifies a noun or a pronoun (to describe or make more definite)

Articles (type of adjective)

a type of determiner that precedes a noun to specify whether it is general or particular

(ex. a, an, and the)

Indefinite article

refer to any member of a general group

(ex. a, an)
(ex.
I need a new book.
She saw an eagle)

Definite article

refers to someone or something in particular

(ex. the)
(ex. I found the remote)

Demonstrative adjective

modify nouns or pronouns

(ex. this, that, these, those)
(ex.
Give me that blue water bottle.
I want those gorgeous marbles.
Put these dishes on the shelf.
That: puppy is silly.
These: flowers smell nice)

Demonstrative pronouns

take place of nouns or pronouns

(ex. this, that, those, these)
(ex.
¨That looks like the car I used to drive"
"What is that?".
"These are my favorite shoes".
"I like those cookies the best".

Proper adjective

Adjective formed from a proper noun

Verb

Expresses an action or state of being

Action verb

Expresses either physical or mental activity

(ex. travel, sit, remember, draw)

Linking verb

connects the subject to a word for word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject

(Patience [is] the best remedy for many troubles
He [became] a highly respected sculpture
This dessert [looks] delicious}

Subject complement

Word or word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject

(ex.
Patience is the best [remedy] for many troubles
The subject complement "remedy" identifies the subject "patience"

He became a highly respected [sculpture]
The subject complement "sculpture" identifies the subject "He"

This dessert looks delicious
The subject complement [delicious] describes the subject dessert)

Verb phrase

Consists of at least one main verb and or one more helping verb (auxiliary verbs)

(ex.

John [will be arriving] at 3pm
"Will" and "be" are the helping verbs and "arriving" is the main verb

She [should] not [have been told] about her surprise party
"Should", "have", and "been", are helping verbs and "told" is the main verb

Modal

a helping verb that is joined with a main verb to express an attitude such as necessity or possibility

(ex.
We [must] be on time if we want to catch the plane
The entire front of the house [may] need to be replaced)
[Should] we [leave] immediately?
I [have] not [read]

Transitive verb

has an object--- a word that tells who or what receives the action

(ex.
Everyone in the school [cheered] the football team during the championship game
The object "team" receives the action of cheered

Nikki [writes] poetry
The object poetry receives the action of writes)

Intransitive verb

does not have an object

(ex.
The gorilla [smiled] at its baby

Suddenly the child next to the door [screamed] loudly)

Adverb

Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

Adverbs modifying verbs

She performed magically [how]
She performed earlier [when]
He performed there [where]
She performed widely [to what extent]

Adverbs modifying adjectives

The players are exceptionally skillful

[the adverb "exceptionally" modifies the adjective "skillful", telling to what extent]

Adverbs modifying other adverbs

Cheetahs can run [extremely] fast

[The adverb extremely modifies the adverb fast, telling to what extent]

Andre reacted to the news [rather] calmly

[The adverb "rather" modifies the adverb "calmly", telling to what extent]

Preposition

Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the "object of preposition" to another word

(ex.
She ran [beside] me
She ran [toward] me
She ran [past] me
She ran [after] me
She ran [behind] me
She ran [in front of] me

Prepositional phrase

Formed by a preposition, its object, and its modifiers

(ex.
On the table
Under the bed)

Conjunction

Joins words or word groups

Coordinating conjunctions

Joins words or word groups that are used in the same way

(ex. and, for, or, yet, but, nor, so)

(ex.
We found a bat [and] a glove
They may be hiding in the attic [or] in the basement
They didn't come on the mayflower [but] they met the boat)

Correlative Conjunctions

Pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way

(ex. both… and, not only… but (also), either…. or, whether… or, neither…. nor)

(ex.
[Both] athletes [and] singers must train for long hours
We searched [not only] behind the garage [but also] under the pecan tree
[Either] your fuel is clogged, [or] your carburetor needs adjusting)

Subordinating Conjunction

begins a subordinate clause and connects it to an independent clause

(ex. after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, than, though, whenever, while)

(ex.
We arrived late [because] our train was delayed
Dr. Watson listened quietly [while] Sherlock explained his story)

Interjection

Expresses emotion and has no gramatical relation to the rest of the sentence

(ex. ah, hey, oops, whew, aha, oh, ouch, well, wow)

(ex. Ouch! that hurts)
(ex. Well, I think you should apologize to her)