8.1 psychopathology of communication & language

8 psychopathology of communication & language

DISORDERS OF FORM OF

LANGUAGE

• By decrease

• Change of rhythm

• Of the articulation

• Of reiteration (verbal stereotypes)

By decrease

• Mutism (absence of language)

Change of rhythm

• Bradyphrenia

• Increased response latency

• Tachyphasia

• Stuttering

Of the articulation

• Dysarthria

• Dysphonia

• Dyslalia

Of reiteration (verbal stereotypies)

• Palilalia

• Echolalia

• Coprolalia

Mutism

• Total absence of verbal language.

• Unwillingness to speak

• intense stress, surgery, language disorder (injury to Broca’s area)

• physical problems (esophagus, vocal cords, tongue, etc.),

• unwillingness to speak, or secondary to other phenomena like deafness 

Selective mutism 

• preschool age

• inability to speak in certain situations

• not caused by physical disabilities

Change of rhythm

• Bradyphrenia

• Increased response latency

• Tachyphasia

• Stuttering

Bradyphrenia or bradyphasia

Extreme slowness of speech

Increased response latency

• Increased time between question & response

• (occurs in depression)

Tachyphrenia or tachyphasia (tachylalia)

Excessively rapid & pressured speech

Stuttering

• Interruption of the rhythm

• fluency of the language mostly associated with involuntary sound repetition.

Forms of stuttering

• Tonic
  

• Clonic

Tonic

• blockage of speech

• once the individual overcomes it the speech is fluid

Clonic

• repetition of syllables or words

• (e.g., initial phoneme of several words).

Dysarthria

• Motor speech disorder

• mumbling or slurring their words.

• talking through their noses → might be stuffed up sounds

• might be extreme pitch changes

• Occurs in stroke, brain tumor, or Parkinson's disease

Dysphonia/ Hoarse voice

• Abnormal voice

• Voice can be described as hoarse, rough, raspy, strained, weak, breathy or gravely.

• Coughing, sore throat when speaking, pain with speaking or singing & difficulty projecting the voice

• Permanent or temporary

• Different types of dysphonia → affect communication

• can lead to aphonia

aphonia

• total loss of voice

Dyslalia

• Inhibits pronunciation of certain distinct sounds 

• replacement or reversal of certain sounds in spontaneous & reproduced speech

• delayed maturation of psychomotor skills (articulatory immaturity/ infantile dyslalia)

• delayed learning disabilities, hearing problems, structural abnormality of the speech organs.

• Defective emission of certain phonemes (sounds) lead to (DYSLAIIA)

distortion, substitution, omission

Example of Dyslalia

• Ex.: Instead of tractor, saying “taractor”

• Ex.: Instead of "Rabbit" saying "Wabbit“

Of reiteration (verbal stereotypies)

• Palilalia

• Echolalia

• Coprolalia

Echolalia

• last syllables, words, phrases said by another person

• autism, Tourette’s syndrome, aphasia, schizophrenia, dementia, epilepsy.

Echolalia examples

• Ex. Parent asks, “Do you want a drink?”, the child responds, “You want a drink”.

Palilalia

• of syllables, the last word of a phrase or phrases said by the individual him/herself

Palilalia occurs in

• Aphasia

• Tourette Syndrome

• Alzheimer’s.

Coprolalia

• obscene & vulgar words

• Occurs in Tourette's syndrome.