Exam 3 Examples

male primates typically compete for

Male gorillas compete for access to harems; silverbacks often monopolize females.

operational sex ratio

In baboons, a high number of males compared to fertile females intensifies male-male competition.

high testosterone

Male chacma baboons show spikes in testosterone during rank challenges.

alternative mating strategies

Unflanged orangutans use stealth and forced copulation instead of direct competition.

sperm competition

Chimpanzees exhibit high sperm competition; they have large testes relative to body size.

male primates choosey

Male chimpanzees prefer parous (previously pregnant) females due to higher conception rates.

sexual conflict

In orangutans, unflanged males use coercion which often conflicts with female choice.

evolutionary arms races

In duck species, male genitalia and female reproductive tracts co-evolve to counter forced mating.

unflanged and flanged

Flanged orangutans are dominant and preferred by females; unflanged sneak matings.

infanticide

Male langurs kill unrelated infants when taking over a group, hastening female fertility.

counterstrategies to infanticide

Female geladas mate with multiple males and may abort pregnancies (Bruce effect).

bruce effect

Female geladas terminate pregnancies when a new dominant male enters the group.

sexual coercion

Male chimpanzees become aggressive toward estrus females to increase mating chances.

female counterstrategies to male sexual aggression

Female bonobos form female-female coalitions to deter male aggression.

parallel behaviors in humans

In humans, intimate partner violence often increases during a woman's reproductive years.

measure social relationships

In macaques, grooming frequency and proximity are used to assess bond strength.

important for primates

Female baboons with more social connections have lower infant mortality.

strongest bonds

Male chimpanzees form strong bonds with other males due to philopatry.

male-female bonds form

In chacma baboons, male 'friends' help protect infants from infanticide.

parental care hypothesis

In owl monkeys, males provide significant infant care—suggesting paternal investment.

mating effort hypothesis

In olive baboons, some males form bonds with non-offspring infants to gain future mating chances.

life history

Humans have a slow life history with long development and low reproductive rate.

trade-offs

Female primates must trade off energy between current offspring care and future reproduction.

main reproductive trade-off

Male **** monkeys balance mating effort with direct caregiving.

parental care

Macaque mothers invest heavily in carrying and feeding infants.

allomaternal care

In tamarins, older siblings and fathers help raise the young.

reproductive effort

Male baboons invest more in mating early in life and shift to parenting later.

parent-offspring conflict

In baboons, weaning tantrums reflect conflict over extended maternal care.

senescence

Chimpanzee females show hormonal signs of reproductive aging similar to menopause.

mortality and survival patterns

Female Japanese macaques live longer than males due to lower reproductive risk.

sex-based mortality patterns

Male chimpanzees suffer higher injury and infection rates during mating seasons.

social factors

Male humans smoke more and seek less healthcare, raising mortality risk.

intersects with other identities

Black women in the U.S. face both racial and gendered barriers to adequate healthcare.

biological factors

XY individuals are more prone to hemophilia; females suffer more autoimmune disorders.

risky male and fragile male

Male rhesus macaques exhibit high mortality due to risky mating behavior and immunosuppression.