coal and petroleum(chapter)

Natural resources

Materials obtained from nature that can be used for various needs, such as air, water, coal, and minerals.

Inexhaustible natural resources

Natural resources that cannot be used up completely and are available in unlimited quantity, examples include sunlight, air, and water.

Exhaustible natural resources

Natural resources that are present in limited quantity and can be exhausted by human activities; examples include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Fossil fuels

Natural fuels formed from the remains of living organisms buried underground millions of years ago, examples include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Carbonisation

The slow process by which dead plants buried deep under the earth are converted into coal.

Refining of petroleum

The process of separating crude petroleum oil into more useful fractions based on different boiling point ranges.

Fractional distillation

A method used to separate mixtures of liquids based on their different boiling points.

Coal gas

A gaseous fuel obtained from the strong heating of coal in the absence of air, mainly a mixture of methane and hydrogen.

Coal tar

A thick black liquid obtained by heating coal, a mixture of about 200 carbon compounds used in various industries.

Coke

A tough and porous solid substance made from heating coal in the absence of air, almost pure carbon used as a fuel and reducing agent.

Natural gas

A fossil fuel consisting mainly of methane, formed from the decomposition of vegetable matter, used as a clean fuel.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Natural gas that has been compressed to store and transport easily, often used in vehicles.

Petroleum gas

Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), it is used as a fuel in homes and industries.

Petrochemicals

Chemicals obtained from petroleum and natural gas used to manufacture a wide range of materials, such as plastics and fertilizers.

Destructive distillation of coal

The strong heating of coal in the absence of air, producing useful products like coal gas and coal tar.

Uses of coal

Includes usage as a fuel for power generation, heating, and producing coke and coal gas.

Environmental impact of fossil fuels

The burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution and contributes to global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.

Conservation of fossil fuels

Practices aimed at minimizing waste and ensuring the longevity of exhaustible natural resources.

Tips to save petrol and diesel

Suggestions such as maintaining speed, engine tuning, and switching off the engine when idle to conserve fuel.