lecture 1

What defense does the American toad use

Bufotoxin

What defense does the monarch butterfly use

Cardiac glycosides

What defense do porcupines use

Quills

What defense do blister beetles use

Cantharidin

What defense do honey bees use

Apitoxin

What defense does poison ivy use

Urushiol

What defense does the eastern newt use

Tetrodotoxin

What defense do conifers use

Resin

What defense does common milkweed use

Cardiac glycosides

What defense do black and gold flat millipedes use

Hydrogen cyanide

What defense do stinging nettle use

Glandular trichomes with toxin

What defense do American giant millipedes use

Benzoquinone

What defense does skunk cabbage use

Raphides of calcium oxalate

What defense do Madtom and other catfish use

Venomous pectoral spines

What defense do turtles use

Carapace

What defense do spiders use

Leg autotomy

What defense do hairstreak butterflies use

False head

What defense do hoverflies use

Batesian mimicry

What defense do butterfly caterpillars use

osmoteria

What defense do oaks use

Tannins

What defense do horsetails use

Silica

Which of the following animals employ masquerade as a form of camouflage:

Waterboatman

Giant swallowtail caterpillar

Inchworm caterpillar

Stick insects

White tailed deer fawn

Giant swallowtail caterpillar

Inchworm caterpillar

Stick insects

What is countershading

Reduces shadows and softens contrast on the body

What is masquerade

Makes animals look like inedible or uninteresting objects in their environment

What is background matching

Makes animals resemble the colour, shape, or texture of their background environment

What is disruptive colouration

Breaks the outline of the animal

What is decoration

Covers the body of the animal with objects from the environment

Which of the following species use background matching as a form of camouflage:

Canada goose

Walking stick

Gray tree frog

American bittern

Male red-winged black bird

Vesper sparrow

Gray tree frog

American bittern

Vesper sparrow

Which of the following statements are true regarding FOV in animals:

Animals with their eyes wide apart have larger FOV than animals with their eyes closer together

The wider the FOV, the narrower the area of binocular vision

Prey species usually have wider FOV than predators

Binocular vision occurs in the area in which the FOV of each eye overlap with one another

Owls have their eyes closer together because they need a wide FOV to locate their prey

Depth perception describes the total FOV of an animal

Some prey species have an FOV close to 360 degrees

Animals with their eyes wide apart have larger FOV than animals with their eyes closer together

The wider the FOV, the narrower the area of binocular vision

Prey species usually have wider FOV than predators

Binocular vision occurs in the area in which the FOV of each eye overlap with one another

Some prey species have an FOV close to 360 degrees

what defensive strategy would be the coloration of a Carolina grasshopper that resembles a rock

Background matching

what defensive strategy would be a female warty leaf beetle leaving a small amount of feces on her eggs be

Decoration behaviour

what defensive strategy would be the pearly wood nymph resembling bird feces

Masquerade

what defensive strategy would be the dark blotches on the back of a milk snake

Disruptive coloration

Which of the following animals use a strategy to direct predator attacks away from vital organs:

Io moth caterpillars

Juvenile five-lined skinks

Common snapping turtles

Monarch butterflies

Hairstreak butterflies

Juvenile five-lined skinks

Hairstreak butterflies

Which of the following animals are venomous:

Red spotted newts

Massasauga rattlesnakes

Honey bees

Giant millipedes

Io moth caterpillars

Massasauga rattlesnakes

Honey bees

Io moth caterpillars

Which of the following species have eyespots:

Five-lined skink

Pandora sphinx moth caterpillar

Io moth

Canadian tiger swallowtail caterpillar

Blanding’s turtle

Pandora sphinx moth caterpillar

Io moth

Canadian tiger swallowtail caterpillar

What is true of porcupines:

Porcupine quills have built in release mechanism

Porcupine dies after it uses its quills to protect itself

Porcupine quills are hollow and connected to a venom gland

Porcupines can shoot their quills up to a meter when threatened

Quills are mortified hairs

The tip of the quill is covered in backwards facing barbs

Porcupine quills have built in release mechanism

Quills are mortified hairs

The tip of the quill is covered in backwards facing barbs

Select all the venomous species:

Rattlesnakes

North American porcupine

Io moth caterpillar

American toad

European honeybee

Northern madtom

Pumpkinseed sunfish

Milkweed tussock moth caterpillar

Rattlesnakes

Io moth caterpillar

European honeybee

Northern madtom

Milkweed tussock moth caterpillar

How do trichomes help plants reduce herbivory:

They make leaves harder to eat

They interrupt the Na/K pump in the cell membrane

They make it harder for insects to move on the plant

They induce moulting in insects

They interfere with the digestion of proteins

They make leaves harder to eat

They make it harder for insects to move on the plant

What do cardiac glycosides do

Inactivates the Na/K pump

What does urushiol do

Causes dermatitis

What does leaf domatia do

Attract predatory mites

What does methyl jasmonate do

Causes cannibalism in caterpillars

What do extrafloral nectaries do

Attract ants

What do proteinase inhibitors do

Interfere with the breakdown of proteins in the gut

What are thorns a modification of

Modification of stems

What are prickles

Outgrowths of bark

What are trichomes

Hair covering leaves of plants

What are spines a modification of

Modification of leaves

What are idioblasts

Compartment in plants to store raphides

What are phytoliths

A structure in plants where silica accumulates