finals. Proverbs 3:5-7. Philippians 4-6-7

Environment

• It is a place where different things are such as a wet or hot environment.

• It can be living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) community.

• It includes three essential forces: physical, chemical, and natural

• Defined as the circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organism

Science

A systematized body of knowledge that builds and organizes a lot of information in different form of testable experiments and predictions about everything in the universe

Environmental Science

• is an interdisciplinary academic field in science that integrates all the physical, biological, and information to the study of the environment, and the solution to environmental problems.

• the systematic study of our environment and our proper place.

Ecology

A branch of biology concerning interactions among organisms, and their biophysical environment includes both biotic and abiotic components

Chemistry

The study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other elements, and how elements interact with energy.

Biodiversity

A group of different individual life that inhibit the planet earth. That varies on their genetic component and adaptation to the environment

Terrestrial Biodiversity

it is composed of animals on land usually greater near the equator, which is an indicator of the warming of the climate

Habitat

is considered an environment is naturally occurring to a specific organism to live

Species Habitat

those places where the species can find food, shelter, protection, and mates for reproduction. Both physical and biological features characterize it.

Sustainability

• The ability of a system to exist continually at a cost, in a universe that evolves in the state of entropy toward the thermodynamic equilibrium of the planet.

• In the 21st century, it generally refers to the capacity for the biosphere and human civilization to coexist.

Ethics

a branch of philosophy that could somehow be systematized, defend, recommend, and identify what right and wrong behavior is.

For the environmental ethics

is a discipline in philosophy that studies or focus on the moral relationship among human beings to the value and moral status of the environment, which includes plants and animals.

The Ecosystem

is a community comprised of living organisms in conjunction or in relationship with the nonliving components of their specific environment that interact with eachother

Photosynthesis

It is the process of all plants that transform into the release of energy ATP. During this process, the light energy of the sun is captured. There is a conversion of water, some mineral and carbon dioxide, and a certain amount of oxygen needed by animals to survive.

A species

a basic unit of classifying and identifying the taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity

Food Chain

A linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species.

Food Web

• The natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.

  • also known as "the consumer-resource system

Environmentalism

• it encompasses environmental health and protection and depicted as an ideology, philosophy, and social movement, including all aspects covering the changing environment of the Earth.

  • Began after the industrial revolution

Urban Planning

Development of the LandS

Sociology

Social relationship living in the society

Political Science

Government run the system in terms of science

Engineering

Planning and designs of infrastructures

Biodiversity

Life inhibit the earth

Britain’s Alkali Act

In 1863. It was passed to combat air pollution

Coal Smoke Abatement Society

In 1898. It was established in response to coal combustion leading to heavy smoke in industrial cities.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

In 1948. It was created to protect and preserve nature in its original form

The Clean Air Act

In 1956. Aimed to limit air pollution by controlling emission of air pollutants

World Wildlife Fund

It was created to protect animals and places from human developmental activities

Green Revolution in Agriculture

In 1966. To understand the impacts of uncontrolled and unregulated use of fertilizer and pesticides on the environment.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

In 1969. Aimed to ensured environmental health by negotiation policies and acts.

United State Environmental Policy Act (US EPA)

In 1970. To monitor human activities that are negatively impacting the environment of the earth.

Greenpeace

In 1971.  A campaign of committed individuals who tried to stop the American Nuclear Weapon test.

Environmental Justice Movement (EJM)

In 1980. It is an international movement that aims to encourage social, economic, and environmental justice.

Milennium Development Goals (MDGs)

In 2000. which based on eight goals to be achieved before 2015.

Stockholm Convention on POP

In 2001. Which aimed to reduce or limit the production, manufacturing, and utilization of POP

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

In 2015. These are goals set by countries around the world to make life better for everyone while protecting the planet. To be achieved before 2030.

Paris Agreement

In 2015. That aimed to limit the global emission of greenhouse gases to reduce rising global temperature, mitigating and adapting to climate change.

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

Biome

A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra

Flora

The plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period

Region

An area or division, especially part of a country or having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries

Tropical Moist Forest

• Supports the world’s one of the most complex and biologically rich biome

  • also called a rainforest, is found in warm, rainy areas near the equator. These forests have dense vegetation, tall trees with broad leaves forming a thick canopy, and a rich variety of plants and animals.

Vertical Zonation

Refers to the vegetation zones defined by altitude

Tropical Savannas and Grasslands

• areas with too little rainfall to support forests

  • ecosystems characterized by vast expanses of grasses and scattered trees, found in regions with seasonal rainfall and warm temperatures. They are known for their distinct dry and wet seasons, supporting a variety of wildlife adapted to these conditions.

Deserts

occur when rainfall is rare and unpredictable (less than 30 cm) and hot orcold yet always dry

Temperate Grasslands

As in tropical latitudes, temperate (mid-latitude) grasslands occur where there is enough rain to support abundant grass but not enough for forests

Temperate Shrublands

Dry environments can be biologically rich, where they can support drought adapted trees, shrubs, and grasses. In Mediterranean areas, hot season coincides with dry season creating warm, dry summers and cold, moist winters.

Temperate Forests

can be evergreen or deciduous. Temperate, or midlatitude, forests occupy a wide range of precipitation conditions, mainly between 30 and 55-degrees. In general, we can group these forests by tree type, which can be broadleaf deciduous (losing leaves seasonally) or evergreen coniferous (cone-bearing).

Deciduous Forests

Broadleaf forests occur throughout the world, whererainfall is plentiful, in mid-latitudes, deciduous forests located in the forest lose their leaves during winter

Coniferous Forests

These forests grow in a wide range of temperatures andmoisture conditions. They occur in a limited moisture area that may experience cold climates such as winter wherein moisture is unavailable (frozen), and hot climates might have a seasonal drought.

Boreal forests

Since conifers can survive winter cold, they tend to limit the existence of boreal forest or northern forest between about 50° and 60° north.

Tundra

It is a treeless landscape located in the mountaintops or high latitudes, and the growing season of this biome is only two to three months. It mayhave frosted any month of the year, and most of the year, temperatures are below the freezing point where only small, hardy vegetation can survive. Tundra can freeze inany month.

Arctic Tundra

It is an extended biome that has a short growing season.Hence, it has low productivity. During midsummer, however, 24-hour sunshine supports the booming of plant growth and plenty of insect’s life. Arctic tundra is essential for birds as well as to global biodiversity.

Alpine Tundra

It has a similar environmental condition and vegetation tothe arctic tundra. It occurs on near mountaintops, and these zones have ashort and extraordinary growing season.

Marine Ecosystems

The diversity of organism in oceans and seas are no seen effectively. However, they are also as diverse and complex as terrestrial biomes. The oceans cover threefourths of theEarth's surface, and it has an essential role but often unrecognized compared to terrestrial ecosystems. Most of the marine species depend on photosynthetic organisms the same asterrestrial animals.

Open Oceans

usually associated with a biological desert since it generally has low productivity. But like terrestrial deserts, the open ocean has areasof productive richness and diversity.

Coastal Zones

Shoreline communities vary in terms of depth, light, nutrient concentrations, and temperature. Estuaries have high biological productivity and diversity due to the abundant nutrients that came from the land. However, excessive loads of nutrients may stimulate bacterial growth that consumes oxygen in the water, which is more than 200 "dead zones” occur in coastal zones. Coastal zones support vibrant, diverse biological communities.

Coral Reefs

are known in marine ecosystems because of their exceptional biological productivity and their diverse, beautiful organisms

Reefs

s form clusters as colonial animals (coral polyps) that live symbiotically with photosynthetic algae

Mangroves

trees that grow in saltwater

Estuaries

bays where river water meets the sea; hence, there is a mixing of saltwater and freshwater.

Salt Marshes

shallow wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally and drained by seawater, usually on shallow coastlines, including estuaries.

Barrier Islands

low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a coastline. They occur where the continental shelf is shallow, and rivers or coastal currents provide a steady source of sediments.

Freshwater Ecosystems

abundant and center of biodiversity. Most of the terrestrial communities rely relatively onfreshwater habitats.

Lakes

have distinct vertical zones. Close to the surface, a subcommunity of plankton, primarily microscopic plants, animals, and protists (single-celled organisms such as amoebae), float freely in the water column.

Wetlands

shallow biological systems where the land surface is saturated or lowered in the late part of the year.

Swamps

wetlands with trees

Marshes

wetlands without trees

Bogs

areas of concentrated land, and usually, the ground is comprised of deep layers of accumulated, undecayed vegetation known as peat

Toxicology

A scientific discipline that overlaps with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine involves studying the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxins.

Allergens

it is an antigen that produces an abnormally potent immune responsewhere the immune system targets and fights a threat or an invader that could potentially harm the body.Allergens are recognized by the immune system to causean allergic reaction.

Neurotoxins

it is referring to toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue. _____ are an extensive class of exogenous chemical, neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue.

Mutagens

are a physical or chemical agent that causes an increase in D.N.A. modifications by altering the organism's D.N.A

Teratogens

Any agent that can disrupt embryonic or fetal development causes a child's congenital disability or may completely cease the pregnancy. These agents include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, or drugs.

Carcinogens

are any substance or agents that promote cancer development (carcinogenesis), causing genome damage or disruption of cells' metabolic processes.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Organic compounds are resistant to biochemical, photolytic, and other environmental degradation processes. Because of this, P.O.P.s are sometimes called "forever chemicals," which can bioaccumulate with potentially detrimental effects on ecological and human health.

Acute Effects

A physiological reaction in a human or animal body which cause severe symptoms that could rapidly develop through acute exposure to toxic substances. However, it may lead to chronic health effects if the cause is not removed.

Chronic Effects

An adverse effect on animals or the human body with symptoms that develop slowly, due to prolonged and continuous exposure to low concentrations of a hazardous substance.

Risk Assessment

The combined effort of identifying and analyzing potential eventscan negatively affect individuals, assets, and even the environment. It also makesmindful judgments on the tolerability of the risk analysis and examines factors influencing it.

Risk Management

The evaluation, prioritization, and identification of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to control, monitor, and minimize the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

Pesticides

s. Chemical compounds used to eliminate pests, such as insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds. These chemicals are also used in public health to kill disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) and pests that damage crops.

Herbicides

Pesticides used to kill unwanted plants (weeds). There are selectiveherbicides that explicitly target a weed/s by interfering with its growth without harming the desired crop.

Insecticides

it is any substances that formulate to eliminate or mitigate insects,including ovicides, which are used against insects and larvicides to kill insect larvae.

Fungicides

. Biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms (plants or animals) used to kill parasitic fungi, or their spores can cause severe damage in agriculture, resulting in decreased yield, crop quality, and profit.

Health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. (W.H.O)

Disease

as the impairment of an individual's well-being and capacity to function and is mostly attributed to inadequate behavioral and environmental change.

Global Burden of Disease

a comprehensive regional and global research program of disease burden that assesses mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors.

Ecological Epidemiology

It is the study of the ecology of infectious diseases. It includes population and community level studies of the interactions between hosts and their pathogens and parasites and covers diseases of both humans and wildlife.

Ecotoxicology

s the study of toxins (poisons) and their effects, particularly on living systems because many substances are known to be poisonous to life (whether plant, animal, or microbial). It is a broad field, drawing from biochemistry, histology, pathology, pharmacology, and many other disciplines. Toxin’s damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions. They are harmful even in extremely dilute concentrations. In some cases, billionths, or even trillionths of a gram can cause irreversible damage.

Immune System Depressants

suppress the immune system. Dead animals contained high levels of pesticide residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other contaminants that are suspected of disrupting the immune system and making it susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infections.

Endocrine Disruptors

are chemicals that disrupt the natural activity of hormones.

BPA ( Bisphenol A )

known to be a hormone mimic used for plastic products ranging from water bottles to tooth- protecting sealants

Bioaccumulation

The cell performs a selective absorption and storage of variation of molecules

Biomagnification

When organisms ingest other organisms making toxins accumulated from the base and concentrated in the highest trophic level,

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)

These are known as flame retardants usually used in textiles and plastics found in computers and appliances; these chemicals are now found in humans and other species everywhere globally. Relatively low exposures in the womb or shortly after birth can irreparably harm children’s reproductive and nervous systems.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8)

widely used as a nonstick, waterproof stain-resistant product such as Teflon, Gortex, Scotchguard, and Stainmaster. The industry makes use of their slippery, heat-stable properties to manufacture everything from airplanes and computers to cosmetics and household cleaners. This chemical family has been shown to cause liver damage as well as various cancers and reproductive and developmental problems in rats. Exposure may be especially dangerous to women and girls, who may be 100x more sensitive than men to these chemicals

Phthalates (pronounced thalates)

These are present in products such as deodorants, plastics, and cosmetics. Also present in products used for children's toys, medical equipment, and packaging for food. Some chemicals pose a toxic threat to animals found in laboratories as they damage the kidney and liver and might cause cancer. Many phthalates act as endocrine hormone disruptors, and have been linked to reproductive abnormalities and decreased fertility

Perchlorate

s a waterborne contaminant leftover of fuel utilized by rockets andfrom propellants. It includes the cause of pollution in our waters, especially in watersused for irrigation. Thus, allows it to enter the human food chain. Perchlorate can interfere with iodine uptake in the thyroid gland, disrupting adult metabolism and childhood development.

Bisphenol A (BPA)

, widely used in various products such as bottled water andtooth-protecting sealants. It is a vital component in the creation of polycarbonateplastics. Furthermore, it is an environmental estrogen and may alter sexual development in both males and females. It has been found in humans with or without known chemical exposure. It has been found out that the presence of such a chemical causes abnormal chromosome numbers called aneuploidy. Having thiskind of abnormality will result in several forms of mental retardation and miscarriages during pregnancy.

Atrazine

a substance applied to crops such as corn, cereal grains, sugarcanes,and Christmas trees as herbicide in the UnitedStates ofAmerica. It is also the causeof damage and disruption to the hormonal functions in mammals of their endocrinesystem, resulting in low birth weights, disorders in the neurological services, and abortions.